Interstitial Cystitis Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Causes, and Management Approaches

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 1Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt

2 Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

Abstract

Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a complex, chronic condition that predominantly alters urinary bladder, causing a range of distressing symptoms. It is characterized by irritation or inflammation of bladder lining, leading to recurring episodes of significant pelvic pain and discomfort, along with a heightened urgency and frequency of urination. In severe cases, individuals may experience debilitating pain, which can delay their daily activities and severely impact sleep, work, and personal relationships. Diagnosing and managing IC/BPS remains challenging due to an incomplete understanding of its underlying causes and its tendency to mimic symptoms of other urinary tract disorders, such as overactive bladder or urinary tract infections. Furthermore, the condition can substantially diminish a person’s quality of life, as the unpredictable and persistent symptoms can be physically draining and emotionally taxing. Treatment outcomes for IC/BPS vary widely among patients, with many needing a tailored, multimodal approach involving lifestyle changes, medications, physical therapy, and, in some cases, surgical interventions. This overview examines current strategies for diagnosing and managing IC, highlighting the significance of individualized treatment in enhancing patient outcomes.

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