The Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Modulating Antifungal Resistance in Fungi

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt

2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt

Abstract

The global population's health is significantly and severely threatened by antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, the scientific community allocates substantial of resources and efforts to confront this challenge. By contrast, the majority of these endeavours are focused on antibiotics, and research on antifungal resistance (AFR) is significantly underrepresented. Fungal pathogens acquire drug resistance through a variety of mechanisms. Innovative antifungal treatments and the enhancement of the efficacy of existing antifungals can be facilitated by a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which fungal infections acquire drug resistance. Chromatin structure and gene expression regulation are critical components of fungal species' adaptation to antifungal stress, which suggests a potential therapeutic approach to AFR. This suggests that developing strategies that concentrate on these mechanisms may be a viable approach for controlling antifungal resistance. For the regulation of a diverse array of fungal biology components, epigenetic pathways are indispensable in medical mycology. The development process and the capacity to modify and adapt physical characteristics and resistance to antifungals that are used to treat fungal infections are critically dependent on these methods. The development process and the ability to modify and adapt physical characteristics and resistance to antifungals that are used to treat fungal infections are critically dependent on these methods. A significant concern is increasing resistance to the limited therapeutic options that are available to manage invasive fungal infections, such as histone acetylation and methylation, chromatin remodelling, and gene silencing through heterochromatin, which inhibit prevailing drug-resistance mechanisms. This review discusses the significance of epigenetic pathways in mediating drug resistance in fungi as well as mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance.
Keywords: Epigenetic; Genetic; Candida; Drug Resistance; KDAC inhibitors.

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