Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Aeromonas hydrophila from Fish and Humans: Biofilm Formation and Genetic Relatedness3403516682210.21608/zvjz.2019.12260.1037ENMohamed E.M.MohamedDepartment of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511,Sharkia Governorate, EgyptHeba A.AhmedDepartment of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511,Sharkia Governorate, EgyptMaha M.RizkAnimal Health Research Institute, Damietta branch, Agriculture Researches Center, EgyptRashaGhariebDepartment of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511,Sharkia Governorate, EgyptShehata A.Abdel-MaksoudAnimal Health Research Institute, Damietta branch, Agriculture Researches Center, EgyptJournal Article20190424A comprehensive study was done to determine the genetic relatedness and the biofilm formation ability of <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> strains (n=25) isolated from fish (150 tilapia and 144 mugil) and human stool samples (n=102). The results revealed that Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) classified <em>A. hydrophila</em> strains into seven distinct profiles (R1-R7), the amplicon sizes ranged from 183-2930 bp. The isolates were grouped into five main clusters, the presence of isolates from fish and humans in the same cluster indicates the possibility of cross contamination. Biofilm results showed that 96% of <em>A. hydrophila </em>isolates were biofilm producers. At 35ºC, 16 (64%) and 8 (32%) showed strong and moderate biofilm production ability, respectively. At 25ºC, 21 (84%) were biofilm producers, of which, 8 (32%), 7 (28%) and 6 (24%) were strong, moderate and weak, respectively. At 4ºC, decreased biofilm production ability was noticed 13 (52%), where 8 (32%) and 5 (20%) were moderate and weak biofilm producers, respectively. Significant correlation was showed between <em>A. hydrophila</em> isolates and different cultivation temperatures. This clarified the potential virulence of <em>A. hydrophila</em> isolates from both fish and human sources and their public health hazard.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Chemical and Microbiological Evaluation of Raw Buffalo Milk Locally Produced in Sharkia Governorate3523636682310.21608/zvjz.2019.14075.1051ENMervatIbrahimDepartment of Food Control, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, EgyptAliBahoutDepartment of Food Control, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, EgyptMadehaAyoubDepartment of Food Control, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, EgyptEsmat I.El-SaidDepartment of Food Control, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, EgyptSalah F.Abd ElAalDepartment of Food Control, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, EgyptJournal Article20190703A total of 100 samples of raw Buffalo milk including (50 from dairy shops and 50 from dairy farms) were collected randomly at Sharkia Governorate for chemical and microbiological evaluation. Chemical assessment of the milk samples collected from dairy shops revealed that the mean values of Fat, Solid Not Fat (SNF), Protein, Lactose and Salts percentages were 6.06±0.36, 9.08±0.23, 3.54±0.09, 4.73±0.14 and 0.74±0.02 respectively, while dairy farm samples were 6.18±0.31, 9.53±0.44, 3.89±0.09, 5.12±0.15 and 0.78±0.03; correspondingly. Microbiological examination revealed that the mean values of faecal coliforms were 2.03×10<sup>6</sup> ± 0.75×10<sup>6</sup> and 1.8×10<sup>6</sup> ± 0.59×10<sup>6</sup> in dairy shops and farms, respectively. The identified species of isolated coliform organisms in both types of milk were<em>Citrobacter diversus </em>(11.3% vs 11.1%)<em> Citrobacter freundii </em>(9.6% vs 9.6%)<em>, Enterobacter aerogenes</em> (12.1% vs 9.6%),<em> Enterobacter agglomerans</em> (11.3 vs 10.4%)<em>, Enterobacter cloacae</em> (13% vs 11.1%)<em>, Klebsila oxytoca </em>(9.6% vs 11.9%)<em>,</em> <em>Klebsila pneumoniae </em>(9.6% vs 10.4%) and<em> E.coli</em> (23.5% vs 25.9%); respectively. Mean values of total staphylococci were 4.29×10<sup>6</sup> ± 0.21×10<sup>6</sup> and 8.08×10<sup>6</sup> ± 2.27×10<sup>6</sup> in milk samples of shops and farms respectively.The identified species in both types were<em> S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, S. capitis and S. intermedius</em> with percentages of 28% vs 35%, 48% vs 41%, 10% vs 12%, 8% vs 7% and 6% vs 5%; respectively. It was exposed that 8 strains (28.57%) and 10 strains (28.57%) were identified as methicillin-resistant <em>S. aureus</em> that containing <em>mecA</em> gene. In conclusion, high prevalence of different udder pathogens among dairy animals may attributed to the lack of sanitary conditions that adapted in dairy farm. So, restriction to application of hygienic measures in dairy farms as well as quality control and quality assurance programs should be adopted to get safe and good quality raw milk.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Avipoxvirus in Egypt and African continent: A review3643776682410.21608/zvjz.2019.14077.1052ENMohamed A.LebdahDepartment of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511 EgyptOla A.HassaninDepartment of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511 EgyptAmira M.I.AliThe Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511 EgyptJournal Article20190627Fowl pox disease is a slow-spreading viral infection of wild and domesticated birds of both genders, all ages and breeds. The disease occurs in two distinct forms; the more common cutaneous or dry form and the less common diphtheritic form. Fowl poxvirus (FWPV) is a member of the Avipoxvirus (APV) and it is one of the greatest challenges facing the poultry industry, its incidence is higher in tropical and subtropical countries. It causes a significant level of morbidity and increased mortality, especially in the diphtheritic form which may reach to 50%. Avipoxvirus has been recorded in Egypt and Africa in the early of 1960, since then, it has been recorded in variable domesticated and wild bird species in different countries and Governorates. The free-living and wild birds represent a potential threat and source of infection for the domesticated poultry species. In the last ten years, the phylogenetic analysis of the partial genome sequences has gained insight into the evolutionary biology of APV in Africa. One of the main characters of APV is relative genetic stability, especially in <em>fpv167</em> region of the genome. This area of the genome clustered the APV of chicken and turkey origin phylogenetically into fowl poxvirus subclade A1 together with other avipoxviruses (APVs) isolated from <em>Galliformes</em> worldwide. However, the pigeon poxviruses phylogenetically belong to subclade A2 with other APVs isolated from <em>Columbiformes</em> worldwide. The analysis of the <em>fpv140</em> region provides a further comprehensive taxonomic classification based on the virus-host origin and distribution, especially in the case of the pigeon poxvirus (PGPV), which clustered separately into different subclades according to their geographical distribution. This review focus on the origin, distribution, classification and taxonomy of APVs circulating in Egypt mainly with a brief report on the situation of APVs in the other neighboring.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Potential Curative Effect of Curcumin on Gastric Ulcer Induced by Piroxicam in Male Albino Rats3783876682510.21608/zvjz.2019.14389.1056ENHosny A.E.IbrahimPharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, EgyptEl–Sayed K.MetwalyPharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine 44519, Zagazig University, EgyptAzzaGalalPharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt0000-0002-2012-7928Sarah A.SherifHealth Institution, Ministry of Health 11516, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20190706This study intended to investigate the curative effect of curcumin on piroxicam-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Twenty-seven male albino rats were allocated into three similar groups (9 of each). The firstgroup (G1) was the control, G2 received piroxicam (30 mg∕ kg BW.) to induce gastric ulcer and G3 received piroxicam (30 mg∕ kg BW.) and on the third day it received curcumin (200 mg ∕ kg BW.) orally for 21 day. At the end of the experiment, the rats were humanly euthazied and blood and serum samples were taken for haematological and biochemical analysis, respectively. Subsequently, the stomachs were opened along their curvature for evaluation of ulceration, gastric juice was measured and gastric samples were preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological examination. Piroxicam administration induced gastric ulceration (100%), non-significant changes in the gastric juice volume and a remarkable decrease in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume with a significant increase in platelets count, white blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Furthermore, it displayed a significant reduction of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities with a significant increase in malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations. Histopathological results revealed focal mucosal erosive and ulcerative changes with sever hyperemia of stomach in piroxicam treated group (G2). Oral administration of curcumin treated the piroxicam induced gastric ulceration and improved the altered hematological parameters, oxidant ∕ antioxidant status and histological pictures of rats in G3. Therefore, curcumin may offer an attractive strategy for treatment of gastric ulcer.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Coliforms Contamination in Raw Milk and Some Dairy Products with Special Reference to Comparative Identification of Enterobacter spp.3883976682610.21608/zvjz.2019.14730.1059ENSally S.FathiDirectorate of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura - General Organization for Veterinary Services, 35511, EgyptAsmaa S.MohamedFood Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig Univeristy, 44511, Zagazig EgyptMagdy S.H.El- SayedFood Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig Univeristy, 44511, Zagazig EgyptJournal Article20190711The current study was undertaken to examine 200 sample of raw milk and some dairy products (Kariesh cheese, plain yoghurt, milk powder and infant formula) for contamination with Coliform group especially <em>Enterobacter</em> spp. Coliforms were detected in; 42/50 (84%) raw milk samples from farmers' houses, 25/30 (83.33%) kariesh cheese samples and 23/30 (76.67%) plain yoghurt samples, however, they could not be detected in any of raw milk samples from dairy shops, milk powder and infant formula samples. The mean values of coliforms in the examined samples were 2.80x10<sup>6</sup> ±0.73x10<sup>5</sup>, 2.30×10<sup>6</sup> ±0.75×10<sup>4 </sup>and 1.08×10<sup>6</sup> ± 1.50×10<sup>4</sup> cfu /ml or gm in raw milk from farmers' houses, kariesh cheese and plain yoghurt samples, respectively. The biochemically identified coliforms were <em>E. aerogenes, E. agglomerans, E. cloacae, C. diversus, C. freundii, E.coli, K. oxytoca </em>and<em> K. pneumonia </em>with respective percentages of; 1.19, 1.19, 2.38, 25, 15.48, 26.19, 13.09 and 15.48, in raw milk from farmers' houses, 6, 0, 2, 28, 10, 22, 0, and 32 in kariesh cheese, 0, 0, 2.12, 23.91, 0, 36.96, 26.09, 10.87 in plain yoghurt. Comparative identification of isolated <em>Enterobacter</em> spp.by standard biochemical methods and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry revealed that the total conformity of identification of <em>Enterobacter</em> strains between standard biochemical technique and MALDI-TOF MS technique was 66.6%, where, it ranged from 50% to 100 for <em>E. aerogenes</em> and <em>E. cloaca</em>, respectively. However, the only identified <em>E. agglomerans </em>isolatesfrom raw milk could not be confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS technique. It has been shown through these results that the presence of coliform and Enterobacter bacteria is an evidence of the lack of health requirements and thermal treatments of raw milk and some of its products (kariesh cheese and yoghurt).Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Clostridium perfringens type A Causing Necrotic Enteritis Outbreaks among Chickens in Egypt3984076682710.21608/zvjz.2019.14139.1055ENSarah S.HelalAvian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig , Sharkia Governorate EgyptNoura M.KhalafVeterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute11381, Abbassia, Cairo, EgyptAlaa A.El MenisyVeterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute11381, Abbassia, Cairo, EgyptMohammed A.LebdahAvian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig , Sharkia Governorate EgyptJournal Article20190707Undoubtedly, necrotic enteritis is identified as one of the most threatening diseases which face poultry industry in Egypt and need radical solution to avoid huge economic losses. The present work was designed for typing <em>Clostridium</em><em> perfringens</em> isolated from diseased chickens suspected to have necrotic enteritis from different outbreaks in six Governorates in Egypt (Gharbia, Dakhalia, Sharkia, Ismailia, North Sinai and Kafr El Sheikh) during the period from August to December 2018. Intestine and liver samples were obtained from eighty six diseased broiler chickens representing 60 flocks. <em>C. perfringens</em> was isolated and toxigenicity of the recovered isolates was determined by Nagler's and dermonecrotic reactions. Furthermore, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting alpha, beta, epsilon and iota toxins' genes was performed for result confirmation and typing of the toxigenic isolates. Sixty-six <em>C.perfringens</em> isolates (38.37%) were recovered from 172 intestine and liver samples and twenty isolates (30.3%) were toxigenic and typed as <em>C. perfringens</em> type A producing alpha toxin only. These findings established the fact that alpha toxin is the only main toxin of <em>C. perfringens</em> type A which is basically responsible for its pathogenicity and virulence. In addition, most of the positively toxigenic isolates were isolated from hepatic lesions (15 isolates) rather than intestinal lesion (5 isolates). In conclusion, alpha toxin is a major toxin for NE development in chickens. Genotyping of <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> by multiplex PCR is a useful adjunct to diagnosis of necrotic enteritis in chickens.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Risk assessment of some toxic metals in fishes collected from Wadi El Rayan Lakes, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt4084186682810.21608/zvjz.2019.14345.1058ENShaimaaTahaMinistry of Environment, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Nature Conservation Sector, EgyptMohamed A.HusseinFood Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, EgyptAlaa Eldin M.MorshdyFood Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, EgyptJournal Article20190708This study was conducted to evaluate the residual concentrations of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Arsenic (As) in flesh of <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em> (<em>O. niloticus</em>) collected from lake I, lake II and farmed <em>O .niloticus .Bagrus bajad</em> (<em>B. bajad</em>) were obtained from lake I and Sea bass from lake II at Wadi El-Rayan, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. The mean values of Cd were (0.023, 0.083, 0.023, 0.083 and 0.025( ; Pb (0.177, 0.373, 0.265, 0.446 and 0.168), Hg (0.034, 0.127, 0.02 ,0.297 and 0.03) and As (0.055, 0.069, 0.045, 0.072 and 0.072) ppm in examined <em>O. niloticus</em> lake I, lake II, Farmed <em>O. niloticus, B. bajad</em> lake I and Sea bass lake II, respectively. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of Cd, Pb, Hg, and As was 0.033, 0.198, 0.07 and 0.043 µg/ kg body weight/day, respectively. Comparing of EDI of all examined toxic metals were below the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) of Cd (0.016 to 0.058) Pb (0.029 to 0.077), Hg (0.046 to 0.686), and As (0.104 to 0.167), respectively. All THQ of the examined metals in all fish species was below one. The Hazard index (HI) of all tested fish species was lower than one, indicating that there is no health risk for the consumer by ingesting multiple metals contained in fish from Wadi El Rayan Lakes.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaves' Extract and Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) Oil Ameliorate Piroxicam Induced Gastric Ulcers in Male Rats4194316682910.21608/zvjz.2019.14491.1057ENHosny A.IbrahimPharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, EgyptNoha A.TelepPharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, EgyptManar M.HemedPharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, EgyptJournal Article20190707Gastric ulcer is a standout amongst the most significant gastrointestinal disorders affecting human worldwide. An extraordinary interest should be given to find natural medications to treat this disease. Plant extracts are more favored because of their wide safety margins and less or no adverse health impacts. The present study was conducted to assess the antiulcer activities of hydroethanolic extract of moringa leaves (500mg ̸ Kg BW) and linseed oil (0.3mL/ Kg BW) on piroxicam (30 mg ̸ Kg BW) induced gastric ulcers in Wister albino rats. Forty five adult male albino rats were allocated into five equal (9 each) groups designated as negative control, piroxicam, ranitidine, moringa and linseed oil groups. The results revealed that administration of piroxicam in a single oral dose induced gastric ulcers in rats, decrease in body weights (187.50±10.51g) and increase in gastric juice (1.64±0.24mL) with altered hematological, biochemical and histological findings. Meanwhile, oral administration of ranitidine, <em>Moringa oleifera</em> and linseed oil amelioratedthe ulcerogenic effect of piroxicam with curative ratios of 100, 97.5 and 100%, respectively. From the previous findings we concluded that hydroethanolic extract of moringa leaves and linseed oil were effective treatments of piroxicam induced gastric ulcer in rats. Antiulcerogenic effect of moringa and linseed oil may be attributed to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Modulatory Effect of Ginger Aqueous Extract against Imidacloprid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats4324466683010.21608/zvjz.2019.14914.1061ENMayada R.FaragForensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University,44511 Zagazig, EgyptMagdy F.Abou-EL FotohForensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University,44511 Zagazig, EgyptGihan G.EL-SayedForensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University,44511 Zagazig, EgyptEman W.EL-SayedForensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University,44511 Zagazig, EgyptJournal Article20190717The current study was aimed to investigate neurotoxic impact of imidacloprid in rats and the potential modulatory role of <em>Zingiber</em><em> officinale Roscoe</em> aqueous extract against such effects<strong>. </strong>Sixty male albino rats were randomly assigned into six groups (<em>n</em> = 10) as following: G1 is (-ve) control group (0.1 ml of distilled water for 90 days). G2 is (+ve) control group (1ml of aqueous extract of ginger (GAE) for 90 days). G3 group was administered with 0.1 ml of Imidacloprid (IMI) for 90 days. G4 group was administered with 1 ml of GAE for 2 weeks followed by administration of 0.1 ml of IMI/rat for 90 days. G5 group was administered with 0.1 ml of IMI for 90 days then 1ml of GAE for 2 weeks and the last group administered 0.1 ml of IMI and 1ml of GAE simultaneously for 90 days (G6) oral dosing of IMI and ginger aqueous extract was triple weekly. IMI exposure caused significant decrease in gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) level, significant increase in sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), significant depletion in glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not affected by IMI exposure. IMI exposure upregulates toll like receptor 2 (<em>TLR2</em>) gene in the brain, intense immuno positive reactivity of <em>TLR2</em> in the brain of IMI-treated group. Histopathologically, significant alterations in the brain were observed, such as neuronal degeneration, hemorrhages, necrosis, demyelination and gliosis. In conclusion, IMI neurotoxic effect could be modulated by the use of ginger aqueous extract.Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145847420191201Effect of Olive Leaves and Propolis Extracts on Growth Performance, Immunological Parameters and Economic Efficiency using Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)4474586683110.21608/zvjz.2019.17129.1085ENSara E.ShahinDepartment of Animal Wealth Development (Veterinary Economics and Farm Management), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 EgyptWafaa A.ElerakyDepartment of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig Univeristy, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 EgyptMahmoud F.A.ElgamalDepartment of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig Univeristy, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 EgyptElsayed I.HassaneinDepartment of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig Univeristy, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 EgyptDoaaIbrahimDepartment of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig Univeristy, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511 EgyptJournal Article20190920This study aimed to evaluate the effects of olive leaves ether extract (EEOL) and ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) on growth performance, body composition, nutrient digestibility, immunological parameters and economic efficiency in Nile tilapia, <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>. Three Isonitrogenous (crude protein 35%), isocaloric (Digestable energy, 2900kcal) diets were fed to Nile tilapia averaging 19.7 ±0.94 g. A basal control diet had no additives, second and third diets containing 0.1% EEOL (1g/kg) and 0.4% EEP (4 g/kg) for successive 12 weeks. Results revealed that the dietary addition of EEOL and EEP had significant effects on growth performance parameters and protein utilization (P≤0.029). In addition, dietary supplement of EEP was more prominent than with EEOL and propolis extracts on fish final body gain and protein utilization. The carcass content from dry matter, protein and fat contents recorded higher values in EEOL or EEP supplemented groups. Furthermore, nutrient digestibility was improved by adding EEOL and EEP. The total leucocytes count, lymphocytes %, monocytes %, phagocytic activity, plasma total protein and globulin showed higher levels in fish groups with dietary addition of EEOL and EEP extracts than in fish fed the control diet. In terms of economic analysis, EEOL and EEP extract diet revealed the lowest cost per kg live weight of fish, along with the highest economic return and net profit. Addition of EEOL or EEP extracts to diet resulted in a more economically efficient production than in fish fed the control diet. Our results suggested that the dietary inclusion of EEOL (1g/kg) or EEP extracts (4g/kg) markedly enhanced growth performance, body composition, feed digestibility, immune status and economic efficiency using Nile tilapia.