Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Leptin Gene Expression in Rabbits during Pregnancy And Fetal Life1136003610.21608/zvjz.2014.60036ENDoaaKiratNoraE Abdel HamidWafaaE MohamedMohamedZ HamadaShimaaI ShalabyJournal Article20191118Leptin may act as the critical link between adipose tissue and reproduction.Although considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the reproductive actions of leptin, much work is needed for understanding its physiological role. Till now, no data has been published about the distribution and expression levels of leptin in the rabbit maternal adipose tissue, placenta, and various fetal rabbit tissues during pregnancy and postpartum. Our results indicated that circulating leptin levels in rabbit serum during pregnancy were significantly higher than that in postpartum and non pregnant rabbits. Furthermore, leptin showed positive correlations with body weight in pregnant and postpartum rabbits. RT-PCR verified the presence of RNAs encoding leptin in the rabbit maternal perirenal adipose tissue, placenta, and several fetal tissues; including brain, liver, adipose tissue, and bone. The relative abundance of leptin RNA in rabbit maternal adipose tissue was significantly higher at 20<sup>th</sup> day of pregnancy than that of non pregnant rabbits, while it was significantly decreased at 2<sup>nd</sup> day after parturition. No significant changes in the placental leptin RNA levels were noticed in pregnant rabbits at 10<sup>th</sup>, 20<sup>th</sup>, and 30<sup>th</sup> day of pregnancy. The relative abundance of fetal leptin transcripts at day 30<sup>th</sup> of pregnancy was in the order of liver> bone ≥ adipose tissue > brain. The present study provides new evidence for the distribution and expression levels of leptin in the rabbit maternal and fetal tissues during pregnancy and supports the importance of leptin in reproductive physiology and fetal development.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60036_b0d5e3cfb2836e0d30061ee5f6265900.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Improved Dissection Efficiency in Teaching Upper Respiratory System of Goat Using Normal Cross-Sectional Anatomy and Computed Tomography Techniques14286003810.21608/zvjz.2014.60038ENSolimanKhZAbdel AzizSMoselhyAJournal Article20191118Two heads of adult goats of native breed and of both sexes (one horned male and one unhorned female) clinically healthy goats, aging one and three years, were used for the present study. <br /> The appropriate samples were frozen then cut by an electric saw to cross-sections at the same distance 2cm thick slabs and were perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of preserved specimens.<br /> Cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography of the head of goat were prepared, photographed, and compared with each other. Both shape and topography of the respiratory organs were demonstrated.<br /> This work included several successive images with their declaration of the upper respiratory system of nostrils, nasal cavity and their contents.<br /> The anatomical features of the respiratory organs were identified by both CT and cross-section images and denoted with the aid of anatomical texts. The obtained results explained that, both the cross sections and the CT images provided a good anatomical view and recent educational tool for study the respiratory organs of the goat.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60038_744d08225ad89233d36703e5498854e4.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Branchiomyosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Behiera Governorate with Trials for Treatment29426003910.21608/zvjz.2014.60039ENEl-BouhyZ MShaheenA AHassaninM EHebaH MahboubJournal Article20191118A total number of 100 Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) were collected from Edco private fish farms in Behiera governorate during the period between July and September 2013 and screened for branchiomyces infection. The infected fish were suffering from respiratory distress (resulted from gill tissue damage); gasping air from the water surface, rapid movement of operculum and massive mortality, which resulted in the loss of 90% of the collected fish. Squash preparations from the infected gill tissue revealed brown, broad, branched and non-septated hyphae. On Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) media with 10% duck decoction showed bright white colonies after 2 days which reached its maximum growth 8 days post inoculation. Microscopical examination of stained growth with Lactophenol cotton blue, branched hyphae at their tips were identified which were characteristic for <em>Branchiomyces</em> sp. The causal pathogen was identified as <em>Branchiomyces demigrans</em>, in which the diameter of spores and non-septated hyphae were 4-10 μm and 16-24 μm, respectively. The fungus was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Experimental infection and rei-solation of fungus revealed the same findings of natural infection. Clotrimazole was more effective than clove oil, while using both of them revealed higher lysozyme activity and phagocytic activity. Histopathological examination from naturally and experimentally infected fish gills revealed non-septated hyphae and spores were embedded in between affected gill tissues, which confirmed that the isolated organism was <em>Branchiomyces demigrans</em>https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60039_0c6f4fa5720ec4eef7140f56e580f6b9.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Aflatoxin Producing Moulds and Aflatoxin Residues in Meat and Meat Products in Egypt43556004210.21608/zvjz.2014.60042ENMohamedNabil HassanAtefAbd El Aziz HassanYasmineHasanine TartorSamehFarouk AliJournal Article20191118This investigation was designed to throw light on the contamination rate of meat and meat products with mould and aflatoxins. The prevalence and population density of the mycobiota of 350 beef meat and meat product samples (frozen meat, minced meat, liver, kidney, luncheon, sausage, hawawchi), 50 of each, collected from different abattoirs, markets and shopkeepers in Egypt were studied. The highest total mould count/g was obtained from the sausage samples (4.20 ± 1.25 X 10<sup>4</sup>), whereas the frozen meat samples yielded the lowest mould count (2.00 ± 1.2 X 10<sup>2</sup>). The most frequently encountered mould genera from the examined samples were Aspergillus and penicillium.<em> Aspergillus</em> species were isolated at percent of 100%, 80%, 80%, 78%, 74%, 70% and 50% from minced meat, hawawchi, sausage, luncheon, liver, frozen meat and kidney samples respectively. <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> was the most predominant isolated species. All <em>A. parasiticus </em>and 77.96% of <em>A.</em> <em>flavus </em>isolates were positive for aflatoxin production on coconut agar medium (CAM), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and fluorometric immune affinity method. Detection of aflatoxin residues in meat and meat products samples revealed that the highest mean values of aflatoxin residues (µg/kg) B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>2</sub> were detected in the kidney samples (12.36 ± 1.89, 9.84 ± 1.63, 5.38 ± 1.36 and 6.84 ± 1.39, respectively)followed by the liver (13.81 ± 1.96, 3.26 ± 0.92, 2.51 ± 0.63 and 1.36 ± 0.38), luncheon (3.71 ± 1.35, 3.59± 1.12, 5.24 ± 1.12 and 6.77 ±1.49), hawawchi (11.03 ± 2.43, 2.25± 0.52, 2.54 ± 0.99 and 2.56 ± 0.27), minced meat (3.62 ± 0.88, 3.40 ± 0.82, 4.24 ± 0.85, 2.83 ± 0.60) and frozen meat samples which had the lowest level of AFs (4.80 ± 0.89, 5.3 ± 2.1, 1.71 ± 0.60 and 0.0) respectively. The detected levels of aflatoxin residues in the present samples were compared with the international permissible limits of WHO, FAO and FDA. Most of detected aflatoxins levels in meat and meat product samples were more than the permissible limits thus would be unfit for human consumption. The present study attracts the attention to potential risk for aflatoxin producing moulds and aflatoxins contamination and strongly recommends reduction in various causes of contamination as lack of hygienic measures during slaughtering, handling, transportation, storage or processing to meat and its products and also avoiding contaminated spices used in meat processinghttps://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60042_7b6d29147778c09cd1f4d260379ea4b0.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Some Biochemical and Bacteriological Studies on Mortality in Newly Born Rabbits56666004510.21608/zvjz.2014.60045ENEl SayedMasourAllamHHEl NabarawyERehamRREmanS Abd El HamidJournal Article20191118Sixty swabs from freshly dead rabbits 3-4 week old (20 cloacae, 20 mouth and 20 nasals) were collected for bacteriological examination. Out of 60 examined samples 33 (55%) were positive for bacteria distributed (16 cloacae, 5 mouth and 12 nasal) in single 28.33% (17) and mixed 26.67 (16) isolates, the main isolated bacteria was <em>E. coli</em>. Antibiogram study revealed that amoxicillin was the most effective drug antibiotic against isolated E. coli. A total of 60 healthy balady rabbits, 3-4 week old proved that free from <em>E. coli</em> infection were divided into 4 equal groups (15 each), 1<sup>st</sup> group healthy rabbits kept as control group, 2<sup>nd</sup>group healthy rabbits treated with 25mg amoxicillin/kg b.wt once daily for 5 consecutive days in drinking water, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> group were experimentally infected with <em>E. coli</em> was done at 21<sup>th</sup> day, 3<sup>rd</sup> group was infected rabbits non treated and 4<sup>th</sup> group infected rabbits treated with 25mg amoxicillin/kg b.wt once daily for 5 consecutive days in drinking water. Clinical signs and mortality rate, body weight gain and feed conversion rate, were recorded. Effect of Amoxicillin and infection in leukogram and biochemical parameters was studied. Amoxicillin residue in breast muscle, liver and kidneys were detected.<br /> Infected rabbits with <em>E. coli</em> showed clinical sign such as depression, weakness, illness, dullness, sneezing, off food, rough fur, and diarrhoea and 26.7% mortalities.<br /> Healthy rabbits treated with 25mg amoxicillin / kg bwt. displayed a significant increase in body weight gain, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase<strong><em>,</em></strong> gamma glutamyl transferase, urea and creatinine beside decrease feed conversion rate, insignificant increase in leukocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and albumin /globulin ratio beside insignificant increase in total protein, albumin and globulin<br /> Infected rabbits with <em>E. coli</em> showed significant decrease in weight gain, neutrophils, total protein, albumin and globulin beside significant increase in feed conversion rate, leukocytic count, lymphocyte monocyte, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase<strong><em>,</em></strong> gamma glutamyl transferase, urea and creatinine coupled with insignificant increase basophils and eosinophils.<br /> Amoxicillin residues in breast muscle, liver and kidney in both healthy and diseased rabbits were high at 1<sup>st</sup> day of clearance period and completely disappeared at 7<sup>th</sup> days of clearance period. High amoxicillin residue was found in kidney followed by liver and lowest residues were detected in breast muscle.<br /> It could concluded that, E. coli infection in rabbits resulted in adverse effect in body weight, hemato-biochemical parameters, amoxicillin treatment rabbits improved these parameters.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60045_7531da463a74b134bc3f4f7b9c61d220.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Incidence of Chlamydophila psittaci in Domestic Birds in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt67766004710.21608/zvjz.2014.60047ENHegazyAMEl-SisiMAHadiaAAHalaMNTJournal Article20191118Chlamydia infections are occurring in domesticated birds. Efforts to detect and identify chlamydiae are important, because it is often accompanied with concurrent infections and variable outbreaks. Human being in contact with birds and slaughtering houses are exposed to hazards of infection. In the present study, smears from liver, lung, heart and spleen from suspected birds were examined by Giemsa stain to demonstrate the presence of chlamydia inclusions. Pooling of internal organs was <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">were</span> inoculated in embroynated chicken eggs via yolk sac route for isolation of <em>Cp.psittaci</em> and smears from yolk sacs were subjected to Gimenez stain. The high incidence of chlamydia (92%) was detected in chickens followed by ducks (88%), turkeys (76%) and pigeons (72%). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct fluorescence antibody test (FAT) were done on 12 positive Gimenez stain samples from each species and the results revealed that the high percentage was in chickens and turkeys with percentage 91.6% in PCR reaction and <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">(</span>83.3%,75%<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">)</span> in direct immunofluorscent test in chickens and turkeys, respectively followed by ducks and pigeons. Complement fixation test (CFT) was carried out on a total of 48 fecal swabs; the percentage of Chlamydia shedding in chickens, pigeons ,ducks and turkeys was 91.6%, 83.3%, 75% and 66.6%, respectively. In conclusion, the high incidence of chlamydiosis in domestic birds calls for more efforts to safeguard humans from this infection.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60047_b62840a9a3753453a4413ee14b935720.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Effect of Some Antioxidants on Some Liver Growth Factors77916004910.21608/zvjz.2014.60049ENDwidarMFAbdel-MegidSSEl-NaggarMIZJournal Article20191118According to most researchers all types of liver affections are associated with oxidative brunt that affects proteins, nucleic acids, and lipid bi-layer plasma membranes. In this work experimental animals (male albino rats) were fed thermally treated oil and ethanol alcohol as inducers of liver affections. Vitamin E and Curcumin were administered to those animals in a trial to investigate their ability to combat with this oxidative attack .Malondialdyhyde(MDA) was assayed as a measure of the oxidative affections. Since liver regeneration needs the participation and cooperation of other factors, growth factors (HGF, TGFα and TGFβ were assayed in liver homogenates of the sacrificed rats. Results showed that. Antioxidant enzymes levels were significantly low in animals treated with oil or ethanol as compared to control .These levels were improved on giving either vitamin E or Curcumin as exogenous antioxidants<br /> Cucuminn was more powerful than vitamin E in this respect<br /> The elevated growth factors in animals with oxidative attack were declined on administration of curcumin or vitamin E<br /> The liver functions measured were just a mirror or reflection of liver pathology induced by oxidant agents<br /> More work is needed to add other natural antioxidants, investigate their mechanism of action and to ascertain the optimum period of their use, and mode of supplementing themhttps://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60049_cacac93828fb90d49ceed1a0870e9f26.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901A Comparative Study of the Health Status of Tilapia Fish Through Various Environmental Changes921086005310.21608/zvjz.2014.60053ENNahlaRH El-KhatibNadiaAhmed Abd ElghanyHananMAGehanNabil Abd ElwahabJournal Article20191118A number of 360 apparently healthy and naturally infected Nile tilapia with body weight range (40-80) grams were obtained from Abassa fish farms, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, random collected from pond with uncovered cement ponds (A) and greenhouse cement ponds (B) (180 from each) during winter season of 2013 /2014 ( December and January). Water parameters were recorded at the collection time namely temperature, ammonia and dissolved oxygen. At the present work tilapia fish were subjected to clinical and post mortem examination. All Fish were examined for isolation and identification of bacterial, mycotic and parasitic pathogens and histopathological examinations were performed on infected fish tissue.<br /> The isolated bacteria were <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em>, <em>Proteus vulgaris</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Enterobacter intermedius</em>, <em>Enterobacter aerogenes</em>, <em>Enterobacter cloacae</em> and <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>. The bacterial prevalence was higher in pond B (57.8%) than in pond A (33.3%).<br /> Mycological examination revealed that fungal isolation of four genera were isolated from pond (A) (<em>Penicillium</em> spp, <em>Aspergillus niger</em> , <em>Blastomyces</em> spp and <em>Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</em> ) but in pond (B) were positive to fiver genera (<em>Penicillium</em> spp, <em>Aspergillus niger</em> , <em>Blastomyces</em> spp and <em>Scopulariopsis brevicaulis</em> ). The fungal isolates were higher in pond (B) 77.8% than in pond (A) 55.6%.<br /> The examination of tilapia fish revealed the presence of four different parasitic agents which were identified, as <em>Myxobolus tilapiae</em>, <em>Trichodina heterodentata</em> and two encysted metacercariae (EMC) <em>Centrocestus formosanus</em> in gills and <em>Heterophyes</em> sp in muscles .The parasitic agents was higher in pond (B) 77.8% than in pond 55.6%(A).<br /> The results of the histopathological examination of naturally infected fish were also discussed.<br /> It was concluded that it be good to using greenhouse in fish culture to avoid the decrease in water temperature during winter season but other factors must be taken in consideration like water sources to avoid spread of diseases.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60053_434c1a0946273ff42e456bc20ef6d3c7.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Effect of Hepatic Diseases on Serum Protein Electrophoresis in Goats1091166005410.21608/zvjz.2014.60054ENSaharA Abou El-WaffaJournal Article20191118This study was carried out to show the effect of some liver affection<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">s</span> on blood serum proteins in goats using cellulose acetate scanning electrophoresis.<br /> Twenty four blood samples were collected from male goats (10 – 12 months old) showed emaciation, lack of appetence, poor growth and edema <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">.</span> in addition to 10 healthy age matching male goats as a control group.<br /> After slaughtering, examined goats were classified according to gross pathological investigation of liver affections into 3 groups as following:<br /> Group <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">(</span>I<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">)</span>: consisted of 10 goats and suffered from Chronic cholangio-hepatitis was characterized by localized partially fibrous peri-hepatitis with slightly fibrosed bile ducts and the gall bladder was enlarged. Biochemical analysis showedan elevation in total proteins, β-region and total globulins , reduction in albumin and ratio of albumin to globulin <br /> Group <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">(</span> II<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">)</span> : consisted of 7 goats and suffered from liver abscesses which ranged from lemon to orange in size, either embedded or raised from the hepatic surface with hemorrhagic surroundings. Biochemical analysis showed an elevation in α-, β- and γ-region and total globulins , reduction in of albumin to globulin ratio .<br /> Group <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">(</span>III<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">)</span>: consisted of 7 goats and suffered from liver cirrhosis, the liver had lobulated irregular surface, pale and firm with enlarged fibroses gall bladder. Biochemical analysis showed an elevation in total globulins, reduction in total proteins, albumin, α- ,β-region and ratio of albumin to globulin .<br /> It can be concluded that the electrophoretic pattern of serum protein is changed according to the type of liver disease. Also, goats in which the liver can synthesize serum albumin, α and/ or β-globulins have a probable fairly good prognosis as it represents chronic cholangio-hepatitis or hepatic abscesses. On the other hand, those with reduced albumin, α and β-globulins as in liver cirrhosis, the prognosis is probably poor.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60054_e2e7fb4ee1bb4bc59e5c3ab4a28a28f1.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Serological Diagnosis of Camel Brucellosis at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt1171236005610.21608/zvjz.2014.60056ENEisaMIMonazieAMKhoudairRMEl-ShymaaAAJournal Article20191118The present study was carried out on 210 camels serum samples collected from a various abattoirs at Sharkia Governorate to clarify the prevalence of the brucellosis among camels during the period from June 2012 to August 2013 in addition to find the most reliable diagnostic method. In this investigation, serological tests on 210 camel sera using Buffered Acidified Plate Antigen Test (BAPAT), Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Rivanol Test (Riv.T), Complement Fixation Test (CFT) and Immunochromatographic Assay (ICA) to evaluate traditional and recent tests which used for the diagnosis. <br /> The obtained results were 7.6%, 6.7%, 6.2%, 6.2% and 6.7% using BAPAT, RBPT, Riv.T, CFT and ICA respectively .The sensitivity percent of different serological tests were 95.45%, 87.75%, 90.90%, 8885% and 92.15% for BAPAT, RBPT, Riv. T., CFT and ICA respectively. While their specificity percent were 99.27%, 99.61%, 99.80%, 99.80% and 99.75% for the same test respectively. <br /> ICA could be recommended as a rapid screening test, easily performed, sensitive and high specific and as confirmatory test for diagnosis of brucellosis in camels. So, ICA is the method of choice when testing animals in remote areas, nomadic and other migratory population. Thus study throw a spot light to include camels in the national program for control and eradication of brucellosis in Egypt on the base that where brucellosis exists in stock animals.<br /> https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60056_11a71978a2776f18cb234164d4bef979.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Clinical and Bacteriological and Biochemical Studies on Mastitis in dairy cattle1241326005710.21608/zvjz.2014.60057ENMosallamTEHanaaA AllamSafaaYS AhmedAhmedARJournal Article20191118In the present study 210 lactating cows from different farms located in Behera, Alexandria, El-kalupia and Assiute governorates were investigated for mastitis by california mastitis test. The results of bacteriological examination of milk samples showed that 39.10% of cows were positive. The bacteriological examination revealed that the most predominant microorganisms isolated from cows were <em>Coagulase negative Staphylococci</em> <em>+E. coli</em> + <em>Streptococci spp..</em> Milk scans results of mastitic cows showed increase in total somatic cell count and milk urea, and decrease in milk fat and protein. The leukogram in mastitic cows showed significant increase in total leukocytic count accompanied with neutrophilia with shift left. The biochemical analysis of serum of mastitic cattle cows showed increase in blood urea, creatinine, calcium, prolactin and globulin while a decrease was noticed in serum potassium, chloride, phosphorous, estradiol, total protein and albumin<br /> <strong> </strong>https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60057_2f36594d9299a2ec2fb71649ccb018b9.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Use of Multiplex PCR for Detection of Bacterial Respiratory Infections in Poultry1331446005910.21608/zvjz.2014.60059ENAhmedM AmmaraNorhanK Abd El-AzizSoadA NasefNeveenR BakryNairaM El AtfehyAhmedM ErfanAzharG ShalabyJournal Article20191118Bacterial pathogens play an important role in causing respiratory diseases in poultry. Six pathogens; <em>Escherichia</em><em> coli, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica</em> and<em> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> are known to cause respiratory infections in poultry. However, current diagnostic methods for them are not highly sensitive, laborious and time consuming. This research aimed to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) that could detect the six species in clinical specimens from poultry with respiratory manifestations. In particular, <em>E. coli</em> alkaline phosphatase (<em>pho</em>A), <em>S. aureus</em> encoding a surface associated fibrinogen binding protein (<em>clf</em>A), <em>P. aeruginosa</em> outer membrane protein (<em>opr</em>L), <em>M. haemolytica</em> serotype specific antigen (<em>SSA</em>), <em>M. gallisepticum 16S </em>rRNA and <em>P. multocida</em> ribosomal RNA(<em>23S </em>rRNA) genes were tested. PCR Results revealed that 19 (35.8%) out of 53 examined farms were with a single infection, 31 (58.5%) associated with mixed bacterial infections, meanwhile 3 only (5.7%) were negative. The m-PCR developed in this study has been proven to be both sensitive and specific for simultaneous detectionof <em>E. coli</em>, <em>M. gallisepticum, S. aureus </em>and <em>P. aeruginosa </em>in clinical specimens in a single reaction. However, detection of <em>M. </em><em>haemolytica </em>was suboptimal due to indistinguishable fragment size and lower annealing temperature. Overall, standardized m-PCR in our research could be considered as a useful tool for diagnosis and screening of <em>E. coli</em>, <em>M. gallisepticum, S. aureus </em>and <em>P. aeruginosa</em> in poultry flocks as it takes almost three hours to be performed and has the potential to replace the conventional culture technique and thus can speed up the treatment process.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60059_08fa7b4c54d8b4c649e0413c5e33aea9.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Studies on Effect of Salmonella Pullorum in Balady Chicks and its Treatment with Doxycycline1451566006110.21608/zvjz.2014.60061ENEl SayedMasourAllamHHNeserenA, ShawkyRehamEl RasHidyAbdallaS HJournal Article20191118In this study the adverse effect of Salmonela pullorum on body performance, immuno-biochemical and pathological alterations in balady chickens with treatment. A total of 100 cloacal swaps (50 from freshly dead chicks - 50 from chicks suffering from diarrhea) were collected from chickens in private locality in Sharkia Provence for isolation and identification of Salmonlla spp, from infected chickens. Nine positive swabs for sale (9) were 4 single isolates {(S.<em> enteritidis</em> (1),S.<em> typhimurium</em> (1), S.<em> pullorum</em>, (2)} and 5 mixed isolates {( S.<em> enteritidis + </em>S.<em> typhimurium</em>, (1), S.<em> enteritidis + </em>S.<em> pullorum</em>, (1), S.<em> typhimurium+ </em>S.<em> pullorum</em>, (2)}. isolated Sale were sensitive to doxycycline. A total of 120, one day old balady chickens (60 healthy and 60 experimantally infected with S.<em> pullorum</em>) were divided into 4 groups, 1<sup>st </sup>group healthy chicks non infected non treated, 2<sup>nd</sup>group treated with doxycycline, 3<sup>rd</sup>group infected non treated and 4<sup>th</sup> group chicks infected and treated with doxycycline. Specimens from internal organ were taken for pathological changes and estimation of doxycycline residues.<br /> Healthy chickens received doxycycline treated and sal infected chicks non treated showed significant reduction in phagocytosis, killing %, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio and significant elevation in total, a, b globulins, AST, ALT, ALP, uric acid, creatinine beside non signifycant reduction in eosinophil, basophil, monocyte and non significant increase in g globulin. Healthy chickens received doxycycline showed significant decrease in heterophilis and significant increase in weight gain, lymphocyte beside non significant leukocytosis. Sal infected chicks showed clinical signs as ruffled feathers, emaciation, droppy wings, anorexia, diarrhea and dehydration, mortality rate was 20%. Significant reduction in body weight, lymphocyte and significant increase in leukocytosis and heterophilis. Salmmnellosis infected and treated chicks showed reduction in clinical signs, mortality rate decreased to 3.33 % and reduction in <em>Sal</em> re-isolation post treatment was recorded beside improve in immunological and biochemical parameter at 7<sup>th</sup> day post treatment. Doxycycline residues were detected in high levels in kidney followed by liver then breast muscle at 1<sup>st</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> days post administration and completely disappeared from all tested tissues at 7<sup>th</sup> days post administration. Doxcycline residue and histopathological changes were studies<br /> It could be concluded that <em>Salmonellosis</em> induce changes in biochemical parameters and doxycycline reduce severity of Salmonelosis and improvement of hepatorenal functions.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60061_1906d5347c6facfa7375957727dd5ab8.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Study on the Prevalence of Internal Parasitic Infection in Diarrheic and Apparently Healthy Sheep at Assiut Governorate, Egypt1571686006210.21608/zvjz.2014.60062ENKhaledAS El-KhabazMohsenI ArafaJournal Article20191118<span>The prevalence of different internal parasites in both diarrheic and clinically healthy sheep was studied on 157 sheep from different localities at Assiut governorate-Egypt during the period extended at the beginning of April till the end of September 2014. The animals were divided into 3 groups, according to the clinical signs (severe diarrhea, mild diarrhea and clinically healthy) and according to age wise (12 months). Fecal samples were collected and examined by concentration sedimentation-floatation technique. The results indicated that the prevalence rate of total internal parasitic infestation in sheep was 76.43% (120 out of 157). Concerning the total helminth prevalence rate; it was 47.13% (74/157), while the prevalence rate for coccidial infection was 49.04% (77/157). Mixed infection with helminthes and coccidia was recorded in 31 animals with a prevalence rate about 19.74%. The highest prevalence rates for helminthes infestation were recorded in the age group more than 12 months 64.93% (50/77) and in animals suffer from mild diarrhea 81.25% (52/64). While, the highest prevalence rates for coccidian infection were recorded in animals suffering from severe diarrhea 78.68% (48/61) and in the age group less than 3 months was 82.6% (38/46). Infestation by coccidian was not detected in any of the clinically healthy sheep. Twelve helminthes parasites were detected in the present study; <em>Trichostrongylus spp < /em> was the predominant worm in examined sheep (19.74%). </em></span>https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60062_f7a61f4058da0add9f4e6ceec7b96c72.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Trials to Control Mastitis in Goats Using Biological Bacterial Product as an Immunstimulant1691756006410.21608/zvjz.2014.60064ENHanaaA AllamManalB MahmoudJournal Article20191118Mastitis is recognized as one of the most important diseases affecting dairy animals resulting in sub-stantial economic losses worldwide due to reduced milk production and quality. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of antibiotic treatment and Priplasmic membrane protein (PMP) on mastitis and immunomodulating effect in mastitic dairy goats. The experiment was carried out on 10 lactating goats suffered from mastitis that were divided into two groups. The first group was treated by the antibiotic of choice only and the second group was treated by antibiotic and PMP. A number of 10 milk samples were collected from examined mastitic dairy goats and examined for SCC, TBC, isolates identification, antibiotic sensitivity test Nitric oxide level and Lysozyme level before & after treatment). Coagulae negative <em>Staph</em>, <em>S. aureus, Coliform </em>and<em> St. dysagalactia </em>were isolated in percentage 100%, 80%, 70% and 50%, respectively. Amoxicillin + Clavulinic Acid is the drug of the choice according to the sensitivity test. After treatment by antibiotic and PMP, TBC & SCC were decreased more than the treatment by antibiotic only. Meanwhile, immunostimulating parameter (Nitric oxide & Lysozyme) were increased. Therefore, the current work point out that the concurrent administration of biological preparation (PMP) with therapeutic drug (Synulox® ) improve the immune response ( nitric oxide and lysozyme activity ) in treated goats.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60064_582456f8c1b8097be61e9475213484df.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Assessment of Relative Potency of Inactivated Pasteurella multocida Vaccine in Poultry1761806006510.21608/zvjz.2014.60065ENSalamaSSAbeerS El-MaghrabyGinaM MohamedGhadaM El-SadekGerminSobhyAmiraAbd El-NabyJournal Article20191118A total of 37 different inactivated <em>P. multocida</em> vaccines either locally prepared or imported from other countries were tested for potency using both vaccination challenge test and ELISA assay. Correlation between both tests were evaluated and the minimum requirement for protection (70%) were matched with 2.25 X or more the cut off value of the both used kits. At the same time, ELISA antibody titer less than the cut off value was always associated with unsatisfactory protection rate. So, in conclusion, ELISA could be valuable in the evaluation of inactivated <em>P. multocida</em> vaccine through determination of the humoral immune response depending on the finding achieved in this study.<br /> https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60065_c0ad3aa85b6070b25d87687a0baed1e9.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Lumpy Skin Disease in Sharkia and Dakahlia Governorates During the Period 2009-20111811886006710.21608/zvjz.2014.60067ENEl-SheikhHAAfafM MohamedYousifAAJournal Article20191118This study was done in the period during 2009 to 2011 on a total number of 929 cattle in 2 Egyptian Governorates “Sharkia and Dakahlia” which were 552 Native breed and 377 imported breed, aged from one month to 9 years old. All of them were vaccinated by sheep pox vaccine.<br /> The infected animals with LSD showed severe clinical signs which include skin nodules varied in number from one up to several hundreds, sometimes covered all the body, varied in diameter from 0.5 to 5 cm, regular in shape, rounded with flatted centers. The nodules are hard, farm and painful with erected hairs make scabs detached leaving wounds and make scars when recovery. The affected animals showed body temperature 39.5-41ºC became normal within 1-3 days, enlarged lymph nodes, oedema in one or more leg. There is a nasal and lacrimal discharge on the animals.<br /> Our obtained results revealed that LSD affect 158 out of 552 local bread and 186 out of 377 foreign bread, the morbidity was 28.63% and 49.37% respectively. The morbidity in Sharkia was 26.93% and Dakahlia was 47.52%.<br /> The mortality rate was very low from 0-1.5%.<br /> PCR technique was done for accurate diagnosis of LSD that give 100% of skin samples “samples of choice”.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60067_2076dc4c792a1d8179c06c493f5e56f4.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Bacteriological Evaluation of Soft cheese1891976006910.21608/zvjz.2014.60069ENEl-Nabarawy,EAEl-TaherEMAbo ArabNAJournal Article20191118One hundred soft cheese samples (25 Feta, 25 Do<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">a</span>miate, 25 Kareish and 25 Double Cream cheese) were collected from supermerkets in Sharkia Provence. The samples were transferred directly to laboratory to be bacteriologically examined.<br /> Our result revealed total colony count/g in examined Feta, Damiate, Double Cream and Kareish cheese samples were 64% (16), 60% (15), 72% (18) &76% (19) respecti-vely. Total enterococci count in Feta, Do<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">a</span>miate, Double Cream and Kareish cheese samples were 40% (10), 48% (12), 64% (16) and 68% (17) respectively. <em>Staph. aureus</em> isolated from Feta, Do<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">a</span>miate, Double Cream and Kareish cheese 40% (4), 41.67% (5), 62.5% (10) and 47.06% (8), respectively and <em>Staph. epidermidis</em>60% (6), 58.33% (7), 17.5% (6) and 52.94% (9) respectively, While<em> Strept. faecalis, Strept. faecium</em> and <em>Strept. intermediate </em>could be isolated from Feta soft cheese as 16% (4), 25% (6) and 20% (5), respectively, in Do<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">a</span>miate cheese was 12%(3), 24% (6) and 16%(4) but in Double Cream cheese was 16% (4), 8% (2) and 24%(6) and in Kareish cheese were 20%(5), 28 (7) and 16% (4).<br /> Coliforms count in Feta, Do<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">a</span>miate, Double Cream and Kareish cheese samples were 84% (21), 72% (18), 76% (19) and 64% (16). Identification of isolated coliforms from Feta soft cheese was detected in lactose fermentation in 90.48% (19) distributed as <em>E.coli</em> 33.33% (7), <em>Cirobacter freundii 19</em>.05% (4), <em>Klebsiella pneumonae</em> 23.81 (5) and <em>Enterobacter aerogenes</em> 14.29 (3) beside non Lactose fermentation 9.52% (2) include <em>Proteus</em> spp, Do<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">a</span>miate cheese was detected in Lactose fermentation in 94.44% (17) distributed as <em>E. coli</em> 22.22% (4), <em>Cirobacter freundii</em> 11.11% (2), <em>Klebsiella pneumo-nae</em> 38.89 (7) and <em>Enterobacter aerogenes </em>22.22% (4) beside non Lactose fermentation 5.56% (1) include Proteus spp, Double Cream cheese was detected in Lactose fermentative in 84.21 % (16) distributed as <em>E.coli</em> 26.32 % (5), <em>Cirobacter freundii</em> 10.53% (2), <em>Klebsiella pneumonae</em> 21.05% (4) and <em>Enterobacter aerogenes</em> 26.32(5) beside non Lactose fermentative 15.79% (3) include Proteus spp. and in Kareish cheese was detected in Lactose fermentative in 75% (12) distributed as<em>E.coli</em>26.32% (5), <em>Cirobacter freundii</em> 18.75(3), <em>Klebsiella pneumonae</em> 31.25% (5)and <em>Enterobacter aerogenes</em> 18.75(3) beside non Lactose fermentative 25%(4) include <em>Proteus</em> spp.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60069_2b64c0529d529298d13b722fc64817d9.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Study on Some Mycological, Mycoplasmal and Bacteriological Causes of Pneumonia in Cattle1982076007010.21608/zvjz.2014.60070ENRashaMH Sayed El AhlEl Sayed-M- El DahshanYousreyaHMJournal Article20191118Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) caused by various Mycoplasma, other bacteria or fungi is a major health problem of cattle worldwide. The present study was conducted to examine 100 nasal swabs of cattle (1-5 years ) reared in private farms at El-Menoufea governorate showing Symptoms of depression , reduced feed intake, respiratory problems, dyspnea with or without nasal discharge and pneumonia. 50 lung tissues collected from different abattoirs at El- Menoufia Governorate and obtained from part showing pneumonia<strong><em>.</em></strong><br /> <em> Mycoplasma bovis</em>, <em>Pasteurella multocida </em>and <em>Mannhiema haemolytica</em> were isolated in percentages of (8%, 18% and 12%) and (6%, 14% and 10%) in both nasal swabs and lung tissues respectively. The main isolated moulds and yeasts, were <em>Asperigullus fumigatus</em>,<em> Asperigullus niger</em>, <em>Asperigullus candidus</em>, <em>Asperigullus flavus</em>, <em>Penicillum sp < /em>. and <em>Candida sp < /em>. which were isolated in percentages (16% , 72% , 16%, 8% , 32% and48% ) and (8% , 8% , 0% ,8% , 24% and 40%) in both nasal swabs and lung tissues respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is very specific, simple, sensitive and rapid diagnosis of <em>Mycoplasma bovis</em>, <em>Pasteurella multocida</em>, <em>Asperigullus fumigatus</em>, <em>A Asperigullus niger</em>, <em>Asperigullus flavu</em>s and <em>Candida </em>species<em>.</em> <em> Pasteurella </em>sp. isolates were sensitive to Tulthromycin and Gentamicin<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">e</span> antimicrobials while <em>M. haemolytica </em>isolateswere sensitive to Tulthromycin (Draxxin) Nevertheless, <em>Mycoplasma bovis</em> isolates were sensitive to Tulthromycin (Draxxin) and Ciprofloxacin</em></em>https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60070_97eaf62f3f43d9db7cc5ae2590b42884.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Effect of Foot and Mouth Disease in Egyptian Cows and Sheep on Characterization of Serum Lysosomal Enzymatic Activities2082166007210.21608/zvjz.2014.60072ENAbdallaMANermienZ AhmedIsmailABNouraElAJournal Article20191118In this study, clinical findings, virus recognition and the activity of some lysosomal enzymes such as β-N- acetyl glucosaminidase (β- NAG) Acid phosphatase (ACP) and β- galactosidase (β- GAL) in serum of Egyptian dairy cows and sheep naturally infected by foot and mouth diseases were determined.<br /> In addition, the lysosomal enzymatic activities in vaccinated animals were also performed. The results revealed that the enzymes activity of ACP was increased by 454% and 806% in vaccinated cows and sheep respectively, while the activity appeared to be less in infected animal either in cow by 182% or 580% in sheep. β -NAG activity exerted a relative lower of the percentage change by 3.3% and 99.0% either in cows or in sheep of vaccinated animals. While in diseased animals the enzyme activity of β- NAG was reduced by 5.6% for cows and increased by 767% for sheep. On the other hand, the enzyme activity of β- GAL appeared to be of moderate activity of enzyme release either in vaccinated or infected animals by 119%, 574% for vaccinated cows and sheep respectively and 54.7%, 1171% for diseased cows and sheep respectively. The obtained results revealed that the enzyme activity of the lysosome was altered according to vaccinated or diseased animals. ACP activity approved to be highly activity in the vaccinated cows than in the diseased ones. The activity of β- NAG in sheep exerted a highly percentage change more than in cows in both of vaccinated and diseased animals. β- GAL activity exerted a highly activity in the diseased animals more than vaccinated animals for sheep.<br /> We have concluded that the lysosomal enzymatic activity was highly increased in sheep more than in cows either vaccinated or diseased animals. This study might be open the route for using the lysosomes as adjuvant with FMD vaccine or for increasing the protection against FMD.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60072_bf889b3a9ca336e06f1571c25a255cc5.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Quantification of Antibodies in Sera of Vaccinated Chickens against Infectious Bronchitis Virus by Haemagglutination Inhibition Test2172246019510.21608/zvjz.2014.60195ENSolimanIMAEkramSalamaNehalS Abdel RahmanEmanM EbiedHananA AhmedSusanS El-MahdyJournal Article20191119A trypsin-induced haemagglutination inhibition (THI) assay was standardized to achieve a quantification of haemagglutinating-inhibiting antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the sera of chickens vaccinated with different types of commercial imported IBV vaccines. A total of forty four IBV vaccines representing as twenty two live vaccines containing either classical or variant strains and twenty two inactivated vaccines were examined among (THI) assay using trypsin treated classical IB antigen. In a trial for studying the correlation between the results of THI and the other serological tests (ELISA and serum neutralization test "SNT"). The former tests were performed on the same serum samples used in (THI) test. The results showed that the calculated mean HI titers for different examined serum samples ranged between 7.7 log<sub>2</sub> to 7.9 log<sub>2</sub>, against live IB variants vaccines (CR88 and 4/91 respectively), 8.7 log<sub>2</sub> to 9.2 log<sub>2</sub> against classical type (Ma5, H120) vaccines, 9.1 log2 (H120+D274) and 6.8 log<sub>2</sub> against inactivated vaccines. It was observed that quantification of antibodies in sera of chickens against infectious bronchitis virus by HI test had correlation with those obtained by either ELISA or SNT tests.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60195_525944360fd56f93b11f73eb61258cec.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Comparative Diagnostic Studies on Marek’s Disease in chickens by Use of Histopathology and Molecular Investigation2252416019610.21608/zvjz.2014.60196ENAbdel MoniemA AliEl-SayedRA El-AttarMohamedH MohamedHebaM Abdel GhanyJournal Article20191119Hundred-twenty five diseased or freshly dead birds from different domestic poultry flocks chickens flocks layers breeds as (lohman, novagen and native breed as sasso) and sporadic cases were collected and necropsied between the period from Aug. 15, 2012 to Nov. 8, 2014 and samples from each case were collected. The collecting samples were subjected to the pathology and some selected ones (7) for PCR laboratory (stored freezing -20ºC). Liver, spleen, heart, lungs, kidneys, intestine, ovary, proventriculus, gizzard, skin, nerve, bursa of Fabricius, eye and brain were the main examined organs.<br /> Nervous disorders were observed with gasping, diarrhea and emaciation were also visualized besides up to 15% mortalities. Enlargement of sciatic nerves, irregular pupil, grayish-white nodules in the visceral organs and focal discolored areas on the skin were noticed besides ovarian congestion and misshaped ova. Microscopically, heavy pleomorphic cellular infiltrations of small lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, plasma cells and few mesenchymal cells proliferation and heterophil infiltration were seen in all examined organs. Extensive tissue necrosis, congestion, hemorrhage and edema were associated the infiltrations. Six-out of seven were PCR positive for Marek’s disease virus<br /> All investigated birds were regarded as one disease with lesions possessing the same characteristics, but of varying severity (by histopathology). PCR was best tool to detect and confirm the Marek’s disease virus; but consuming time.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60196_4426b9114d26b97b3a799cdc82bccd1b.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Pathological and bacteriological studies on the effect of vitamin C on the small intestine of rabbit experimentally infected with E. coli O103:K-:H22 (E22)2422516019710.21608/zvjz.2014.60197ENAzharMohamed HassanShaheraMohamed RashadJournal Article20191119A well-established rabbit model infected with reference strain of enteropathogenic <em>E. coli</em> (EPEC) {<em>E coli</em> O103:K-:H22 (E22)} was used to examine whether vitamin C (VC) nutritional supplementation had an effect on the pathological changes induced in the bowel by EPEC{<em>E. coli</em> O103:K-:H22 (E22)}.<br /> In this study artificial infection model, weaned female rabbits were infected with <em>E. coli</em> O103:K-:H22 (E22) and infected tissues were evaluated by light microscopy. Twenty-three rabbits were used in this study. They divided into five groups(first group of rabbits were used as control (3 rabbits), second group were treated with vitamin C (60mg/kg) in drinking water (5 rabbit),third group were infected with <em>E. coli</em> {O103:K-:H22 (E22)} (5 rabbits) ,fourth group of rabbits infected with <em>E. coli {</em>O103:K-:H22 (E22)} and treated with vitamin C (60mg/kg) in drinking water (5 rabbits),and fifth group were infected with <em>E. coli</em> {O103:K-:H22 (E22)} and injected with antibiotic, ceftazidime) 5ml for each rabbit, and treated with vitamin C (60mg/kg) (5 rabbits). Rabbits were treated daily pre- experiment with an oral dose of vitamin C(60mg/kg)for ten days. The percentages of bacterial isolation of E22 from fecal samples of rabbits after inoculated with {<em>E. coli</em> O103:K-:H22 (E22)}reference strain in four groups were (20,80,20 and 40%) in second, third, fourth and fifth group receptively. These results indicated that Vitamin C did not affect EPEC (REPEC) strain ‘‘E22’’. Whereas the pathological changes after inoculation with<em> E. coli</em>O103:K-:H22 (E22) reference strain in rabbit model were hyperplasia of ileal payer's patches, in some animal intestinal epithelial ulceration was found with lymphocytic infiltration. Liver showed hydropic degeneration, area of necrosis with hemorrhages and few lymphocytic infiltration. Vitamin C did not affect EPEC (REPEC) strain ‘‘E22’’ (O103:K-:H2, colonization and did not give significant protection against EPEC-induced changes and diarrhea. Although it had no effect on the EPEC-related increase of enterocyte apoptosis, it clearly contributed to an acceleration of epithelial cell proliferation in the ileal crypts. We showed that Vitamin C ameliorated somewhat the effects of EPEC on intestinal mucosal architecture. Showing hyperplasia of jejunal villi, payer's patches, ileum and mucous gland .There are also leucocytic infiltration in lamina propria..https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60197_4d0d41c09fc549b03148c551d872ef12.pdfZagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineZagazig Veterinary Journal1110-145842320140901Comparative Studies between Different Types of Live Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Vaccine Strains in Egypt2522626019810.21608/zvjz.2014.60198ENSusanS El-MahdyHayamFaroukAbd El-WanisNAHamoudaMMJournal Article20191119The efficacy of different living attenuated commercial vaccines against IBDV was tested in ten groups of (20) Specific Pathogen Free chicks (SPF) for monitoring the immunosuppression effect. The immune responses were determined in nine groups of (25) “for each group”, two weeks old SPF chicks in-vitro through application of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Serum Neutralization Test (SNT) titers post vaccination with evaluation of bursa/body weight ratio and histopathological examination of bursa of Fabricious; then in-vivo by challenging of birds with 10<sup>3.5</sup> EID<sub>50</sub>/dose challenge IBD virus strains (variant; classical and very virulent strains).The obtained results revealed that protection percentages were ranged between 90%-100% in birds vaccinated with intermediate or intermediate plus IBD vaccine and between 90%-95% in birds vaccinated with invasive intermediate Bursa B2K, while birds vaccinated with classical D78 showed protection of 95%-100% with highest ELISA and SNT mean titers as “11344 and 1024”, respectively. This confirms that under field condition, poultry industry can be protected from IBDV disease using commercial IBD vaccine strains in correct time and condition according to status of flock and location of farm.https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_60198_e9c8d859e473347909844d126c2407c5.pdf