@article { author = {El Bayomi, Rasha and El Mesalamy, Yasmen and Hafez, Abdelsalam and Ahmed, Heba}, title = {Clostridium perfringens in Meat and Meat Products: A minireview on the Incidence, Public Health Significance, and the Effects of Essential Oils}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {340-353}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.35870.1114}, abstract = {Anaerobic spore formers, particularly Clostridium perfringens, are an important cause of food poisoning outbreaks worldwide, which is mainly related to the consumption of contaminated meat and its products. C. perfringens is a commensal inhabitant in the intestinal tract of animals and humans. C. perfringens is a ubiquitous Gram positive, anaerobic spore former which produces many toxins and is related to various diseases in humans such as food poisoning, necrotic enteritis, diarrhea, enterotoxemia and gangrene. The occurrence of multidrug resistant C. perfringens in meat and its products raises public health concerns. The ability of C. perfringens to grow as a biofilm favors its survival in the environment. Therefore, the bacteriological quality and safety of commercially processed meat products is important for the consumers and public health worldwide. The prevention of growth of C. perfringens is best achieved by following the food service practices by addition of some natural essential oils such as Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and Marjoram (Origanum majorana) essential oil.}, keywords = {C. perfringens,Essential oils,Food poisoning,meat products}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133813.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133813_c0032e2581eb3f1f893f4b397b719a37.pdf} } @article { author = {Gharib, Aham and Abd El-Hamid, Marwa and Ayob, Engy}, title = {Physiological and Molecular Studies on Thermotolerance of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Some Dairy Products and Fast Foods}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {354-365}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.35504.1113}, abstract = {Several members of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) have been recognized as a significant agent of food and health problems. Thermotoleranc of B. cereus after pre-exposure to temperature shifts or other stress may influence its ability to grow in minimally processed foods. This study was proposed to determine the recovery rate of B. cereus group from dairy products and fast foods. Moreover, the responses of a recovered isolate to different stresses were evaluated to stand upon its thermotolerance against lethal temperature. In total, 200 different samples from milk and milk products (164) and fast food (36) were examined for the presence of B. cereus group. The effects of heat, cold, acid and salt stresses on heat resistant B. cereus were physiologically and molecularly assessed through examining its viability and measuring the gene expression of its heat induced proteins (GroEL and DnaJ) by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. Overall, 35 (17.5%) samples were positive for B. cereus group isolates. The higher B. cereus count (> 104 CFU/mL or g) was found in 7% of milk and fast food samples. Three B. cereus group species (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. pseudomycoides or B. mycoides) were identified. After time intervals of mild heat pre-exposure at 42 °C or exposure to other stresses, B. cereus developed an increased thermotolerance at 50 °C/20 min. This thermotolerance was pronounced after exposure of B. cereus cells to 42°C /1 h and 2.5 % salt / 30°C/ 40 min with a 3.9 CFU log increase compared to those exposed to lethal treatment only. Molecularly, RT-qPCR results revealed up-regulation of dnaJ gene expression in pretreated cells compared to the lethal treated cells only. Overall, these results confirmed the heat resistance occurs in B. cereus during food processing, which results in its survival in the food products.}, keywords = {B. cereus,viability,Thermotolerance,dnaJ gene,B. cereus RT-qPCR}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133827.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133827_b2a7af42cc1afb9f31c09662452e9fa5.pdf} } @article { author = {Ammar, Ahmed and Abd El-Aziz, Norhan and Mohamed, Samaa}, title = {Biofilm Formation and its Correlation with Antimicrobial Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {366-377}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.37640.1115}, abstract = {Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. The increase, emergence, and spread of antimicrobial resistance among K. pneumoniae are the most important health problems worldwide. The production of biofilms by bacterial pathogens exacerbates the complexity of bacterial resistance and prolongs the treatment time. This study analyzed the possible relationship between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in K. penumoniae isolated from different sources. Eleven K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from 100 samples comprising 6 (12%) from chicken respiratory organs, 3 (12%) from meat products and 2 (8%) from milk products. All K. pneumonia isolates were resistant to ampicillin and amoxacillin-clavulinic acid (100%) followed by cefepime (72.72%), tetracycline, trimethoprime and trimethoprime/sulphamethaxole (54.54% each), while they were sensitive to imipenem (82 %) followed by aztreonam (55%) then amikacin and azithromycin (45% each). It is noteworthy that 10 (90.90%) K. pneumonia isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and their multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices were far greater than 0.2 (0.846- 9.307). Of note, 81.81% of K. pneumonia isolates could produce biofilms, those categorized as strong (33.33%), moderate (22.22%) or weak (44.44%) biofilm producers, whereas 18.18% of the isolates were non-biofilm producers. Interestingly, resistance pattern of K. pneumoniae recovered from chicken source was higher than those from milk and meat products. Moreover, there is a non-significant (P ˃ 0.05) positive correlation (r= 0.38) between the antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae isolates recovered from animal sources. In conclusion, our results emphasized that biofilm formation may be an important factor that influences the antimicrobial resistance in K. pneumoniae, and strict measures of antimicrobial usage should be done in both animal husbandry and humans globally.  }, keywords = {Klebsiella pneumonia,Biofilm,multidrug resistance,MAR index}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133990.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133990_fa463dd57afa5aed752f1a532bfe3a70.pdf} } @article { author = {Keshta, Hani and Allam, Ahmad and Fadl, Sabreen and El Beskawy, Mohamed}, title = {Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease during an Outbreak in Summer 2019 in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt using Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Diagnosis}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {378-389}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.39257.1116}, abstract = {Lumpy skin disease is an infectious disease affecting the bovines and caused by Lumpy skin disease virus (LSD virus; LSDV). It is considered an endemic disease in African continent and was recorded in Egypt since 1988. This study aimed to monitor the cattle health condition along the course of the disease through the estimation of biochemical parameters. Besides, investigations on the incriminated strains of LSD virus circulating during outbreak in summer 2019 were performed. One hundred and eighteen cattle of different ages and sex were examined for LSD in some villages of Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. The clinical signs were recorded, and blood chemical analyses were applied on the infected animals. Conventional PCR was used to identify the LSDV using two conservative genes, fusion and P32 coding genes. The infected animals showed typical symptoms of the LSDV infection. Morbidity rates in cattle were high in males (43%) and in 6–12 months of age (44.4%). The hemogram showed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the count of red blood cells (RBCs) (6.13 ± 0.51× 106/µl), hemoglobin (Hb) (9.07 ± 0.15 g%), hematocrit (HCT) (17.47 ± 0.48%), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (41.77 ± 0.79fL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (13.53 ± 0.29Pg), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (30.43 ± 0.53g/dL) in infected animals compared with control. The leukocytes showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in the count of white blood cells (WBCs) (15.13 ± 0.03 x103/μl), lymphocyte (LYM) (7.17 ± 0.12 x103/ μl), monocytes and some eosinophil (MID) (2.93 ± 0.08 x103/ μl), and granulocytes (GRAN) (5.03 ± 0.09 x103/ μl) in infected animals. Serum biochemistry of the infected animals showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in all biochemical parameters except serum albumin (2.61 ± 0.35g/dL). Lumpy skin disease virus was detected by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for both genes and the sequences of the fusion and P32 proteins were deposited in the GenBank by the accession numbers MN699855 and MN699856, respectively. Thus, attention should be directed to the circulating LSDV strain in the field and comparing it with the previously isolated strains. Field practitioners should depend on the blood parameters of the infected animals to select the appropriate remedies.}, keywords = {Blood chemical analyses,cattle,Egypt,Lumpy Skin Disease virus,Phylogenies}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133991.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133991_3755b8fca9abd4a91b310f5d334ce65d.pdf} } @article { author = {Abd-El-Kader, Mahdy and Zaki, Mahmoud and Abd-El-All, Amr and Dahshan, Hesham and Al-Ashery, Manal}, title = {Heavy Metals in Wastewater Treatment Plants at Sharkia Governorate}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {390-398}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.40778.1119}, abstract = {The aim of the current study was to determine the presence of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc) in three wastewater treatment plants at different locations in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt and its concentration compared with its natural level by following American Public Health Association strategies using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Thirty wastewater samples were collected from wastewater before treatment (input) and treated wastewater (output) (15 samples of each) from Abo-Hammad, Diarb-Negm, and Al-Kenayat wastewater treatment plants. Total mean values of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in the input wastewater were 6.33±0.83, 1.09±0.12, 3.73±0.49 and 3.16±0.39 ppb, respectively while from output wastewater samples, respective values were 3.22±0.58, 0.49±0.09, 1.79±0.33, and 2.77±0.74 ppb. Lead and cadmium ions showed higher values above their natural level. Concerning copper, about 53.3% above its natural level while zinc concentration was within the natural level in all input and output samples. Diarb-Negm plant, which follows the Kroger technique, was the highest wastewater treatment plant in the removal of lead (57.1%), cadmium (75%) and copper (79.4%). While zinc removal percentage was highest (24%) in Abo-Hammad wastewater treatment plant which follows the trickling filter technique rather than other investigated plants. So the kroger technique is better than trickling filter technique in heavy metals removal.}, keywords = {Heavy metals,Wastewater,atomic absorption spectrometer,trickling filter technique,Kroger technique}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133992.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133992_3fb866e0a7bb6d6e5ee2482881e71a96.pdf} } @article { author = {Hashem, Mohamed and Hashish, Emad and Atteya, Marwa}, title = {Alternative Approaches to Ameliorate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Phyllanthus niruri Clinicopathological Significance; A review}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {399-413}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.34050.1111}, abstract = {Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major global health issues, strongly correlated with metabolic disorder, insulin resistance, obesity and oxidative stress.  It is characterized by an excessive accumulation of liver fat, inflammation and dysfunction of the hepatocytes. NAFLD predisposes to cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible individuals. Although the specific signals remain poorly understood, NAFLD pathogenesis can involve the behavior of different types of hepatic cells and several extra-hepatic signals. The difficulty of NAFLD has been a big impediment to advancement and effective therapies with appropriate indicators. NAFLD's alternative medicines with medicinal herbs become the most useful solution today because of their minimum side effects. Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) is an herbal medicine that contains various bioactive phytochemicals with hypolipidemic, antioxidant, detoxifying, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. The reduction of fatty acids and decreased insulin resistance (IR) is expected after P. niruri administration, which helps in the prevention of NAFLD. In this review, we describe recent clinical and diagnostic methods examining the diagnosis, development, and effects of NAFLD; comparing the attributes of the genetic and dietary animal models of NAFLD; and highlighting the potential hepatoprotective function of P. niruri, plus its therapeutic role in the prevention of NAFLD.}, keywords = {NAFLD,Phyllanthus niruri,Clinicopathological assays}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133997.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_133997_c8e06d147e867b8191fade3b534ba2ee.pdf} } @article { author = {El-Naenaeey, El-sayed and Abd El-Hamid, Marwa and Khalifa, Eman}, title = {Foodborne Campylobacter species: Taxonomy, Isolation, Virulence Attributes and Antimicrobial Resistance}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {414-432}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.40250.1118}, abstract = {Campylobacter is widely regarded as the main cause of foodborne diarrheal diseases worldwide. It is a curved Gram-negative rod displaying corkscrew motility via a polar non-sheathed flagellum. Campylobacter grows microaerophilically at a broad range of temperature (30–45°C), and it is considered biochemically inert. Campylobacter did not use carbohydrates to obtain energy because of lacking the 6-phosphofructokinase enzyme. Campylobacter has a positive reaction for oxidase test and a negative reaction for indole test. Laboratory isolation and detection of Campylobacter species is tricky as they are fastidious and necessitate special atmospheric requirements to grow. Relatively little information is known about the virulence attributes in campylobacters or how a seemingly fragile bacteria can survive with increased pathogenicity. Moreover, the growing antimicrobial resistance of campylobacters to the clinically crucial antibiotics becomes insurmountable. Thereby, this review elucidates and discusses the taxonomy, isolation, identification, virulence attributes and the antimicrobials resistance of this particular bacterium.}, keywords = {Campylobacter spp,isolation,Virulence factors,Antimicrobial susceptibility}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134013.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134013_f57a8f56c04038242ef79c5d7ff020af.pdf} } @article { author = {Hussein, Mohamed and Gamal, Fatma and Arisha, Ahmed}, title = {Some Biological and Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {433-447}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.23011.1099}, abstract = {During the last decade, huge improvement in nanobiotechnology and nanomaterials production resulted in different forms of nanoparticles (NPs) with a huge potential for health-related applications that remain understudied. Such applications extend beyond a direct human effect and could be mediated via impacting the environmental conditions, livestock production, and even the outbreak of certain diseases. Evidently, the increased growth in the production of such nanomaterials along with their understudied effects/ potential on human health represents a major side effect of nanotechnology. Such limitations include not fully identified bio-distribution and the physiological/ toxicological impacts on the different body organs as well as cellular activity upon exposure. NPs are very small in size (1 to 100 nm) and are found in different forms. There are various classifications of NPs depending on their size, shape, and properties. NPs have special physical and chemical characters as a result of possessing a large surface area and nanoscale size. The lack of proper safety assessment studies of such NPs, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as the shortage in biodistribution/ adverse effects and mechanisms represents a major concern. This brief review attempts to outline and correlate reports on several NPs and their application in the medicine and biology as well as summarizing any discrepancies in experimental conditions, toxicity, biohazard, and safety of NPs in different organs.}, keywords = {Nanoparticles,Nanotechnology,biomedical applications,Biohazards}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134015.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134015_d8494ada170eb626042cfdd5280897cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Habaka, Manal and Aly, Mona and Lebdah, Mohamed and Abo-Elazm, Kamel}, title = {Newcastle disease virus Genotype VII in Chicken Flocks in Dakahlia Governorate and the Effectiveness of some Vaccines}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {448-456}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.49280.1123}, abstract = {Out of fifteen chicken flocks, ten were tested Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) positive by RT-PCR. Two selected NDV isolates from previously vaccinated flocks were selected for further investigation. The isolates were proofed negative for the presence of either infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) or avian influenza virus (AIV) genome. The mean death time and intracerebral pathogenicity indices as well as the presence of 112RRQKRF117  motif at the F gene cleavage site were indicative for the virulence of the investigated strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the velogenic genotype isolate clustered with published class II genotype VII and closely related to Middle East isolates. In vivo protection assay revealed that vaccination with live and/or inactivated ND vaccines induced sufficient protection ranged between 86.7 % and 100 % against morbidity and mortality as judged by HI titers and challenge test with NDV genotype VII.}, keywords = {Newcastle Disease virus,Newcastle Disease Vaccine Efficacy,Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134027.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134027_b49aaa3d0b1dec502e963120acd79f00.pdf} } @article { author = {Gharib, Ahlam and Abd El-Aziz, Norhan and Allam, Mai}, title = {Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Toxin Genes of Bacillus cereus Group Isolated from Meat and Chicken Products}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {48}, number = {4}, pages = {457-470}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2020.49230.1122}, abstract = {Bacillus cereus sensu lato (B. cereus s. l.) is a significant cause of food spoilage issue owing to the activity of certain hydrolytic enzymes. This study aimed to detect the incidence and contamination level of meat and chicken products with B. cereus group in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, with reference to their enterotoxin genes` profiles.  Overall, 43 out of 200 (21.5%) examined samples were contaminated by B. cereus group, with identification of only one species, B. cereus. B. cereus group isolates were frequent in chicken samples (25.71%), with the highest incidence in chicken meat (30%) followed by chicken sausage and chicken luncheon (25% each). Meanwhile, they were isolated from 19.23% of examined meat products, which predominated in meat burger (25%), followed by each of meat kofta, shawarma, and luncheon (20% each), minced meat (17.14%) and meat sausage (15%). Of interest, the highest B. cereus count (>104 colony forming units (CFU)/ g) was found in 2% of positive samples, with a higher percent in meat sausage (33.33%). Whereas 15.5% of positive samples harbored B. cereus with counts ranging from >1x103-104 CFU/g. Molecular analysis of B. cereus enterotoxin genes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that both ces and nhe genes were detected in 100% of the examined isolates, while cytk and hbl genes were present only in 9.52% and 23.8% of analyzed isolates, respectively. These findings, involving a higher occurrence of B. cereus and their toxin genes in meat and chicken products represent a serious public health concern in Egypt.}, keywords = {B. cereus,Enterotoxin genes,Foodborne infection,Multiplex PCR}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134036.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_134036_ac8a84b775da233c8fb6b1ea4c4cdac0.pdf} }