eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
234
247
10.21608/zvjz.2019.12593.1040
50986
Original Article
Hepatic and Renal Protective Effects of Annona muricata Leaf and Fruit Extracts on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Mice
Ahmad Hassan
ahkhalaf71@yahoo.com
1
Lames Mohammed
lamismohamed65@yahoo.com
2
Mohammed Abd ElMoneim
mohammed.abdelmenem@sci.psu.edu.eg
3
Atef Abd ElBaky
atef.abdelbaky@pha.psu.edu.egy
4
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, 42511Egypt
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, 42511 Egypt
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, 42511 Egypt
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University 42511 Egypt
Cancer is a complicated disease incorporating many factors and causes which could be environmental, metabolic disorder, chemical, and genetic alteration. Many of the already used anticancer therapies are derivatives of natural sources including herbs. The current study was designed to assess the antitumor activity of Egyptian Annona muricata against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in albino mice which induced by intraperitoneal injection with EAC cells (2×106 cells/mouse). Eighty-eight female adult albino mice were utilized in the beginning of the current study and were separated into five groups, normal control, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, fruit extract (200 mg/kg), leaf extract (200 mg/kg), and cisplatin (2 mg/kg) treated groups for nine successive days after 48 hours of pre-injection with EAC cells. Viability of tumor ascites cells, the volume of ascites fluid, and EAC cell count were significantly decreased after daily treatment with both extracts. Hematological parameters were enhanced, liver enzymes and creatinine regain their normal values. Oxidative stress was dimensioned via decreasing of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Antioxidant activity was enhanced through the increasing of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Histopathologically, residual tumor growth on the outer surface of the liver and kidney were markedly reduced without infiltration onto the tissues. Inflammation of tissues was inhibited and tissue architecture was ameliorated. In conclusion, Annona extracts could have anticancer activity and antioxidant properties which could be useful in dimensioning cancer progression and improves organs protection.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_50986_f9acd987d825fe771df43ea281f02f56.pdf
Anticancer
antioxidant
Annona extract
Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
248
258
10.21608/zvjz.2019.12896.1042
50987
Original Article
Prevalence of Listeria Species in Dairy Cows and Pregnant Women with Reference to Virulotyping of Listeria monocytogenes in Egypt
El-Sayed EL-Naenaeey
sayedmyn@hotmail.com
1
Ashraf Abdelwahab
ashrafomar_2004@yahoo.com
2
Abdallah Merwad
merwad.abdallah@yahoo.com
3
Hadeer Abdou
hadeerabdou97@gmail.com
4
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Listeria spp < em>. in milk and feces of dairy cows as well as stool of pregnant women in Sharkia and Dakahlia Governorates, Egypt. Three hundred and fifty samples including; normal raw milk (n=200), mastitis milk (n=50), feces of dairy cattle (n=50) and stool of pregnant women (n=50) were randomly collected. Listeria spp. were isolated on Oxford agar and then subjected to biochemical and molecular identification. The overall isolation rate of Listeria spp. was 16%. The prevalence rates of Listeria monocytogenes were 8%, 4%, 2% and 4% in feces of dairy cows, normal milk, mastitis milk and stool of pregnant women, respectively. The prevalence of L. ivanovii and L. welshimeri in milk of dairy cows were 6% and 4%, respectively. L. monocytogenes isolates were molecularly confirmed to the species level by amplification of 16S rRNA gene. The distribution of internalin A (inlA) and internalin B (inlB) was determined in 15 identified L. monocytogenes isolates. The overall prevalence of inlA gene and inlB gene in L. monocytogenes isolates from different sources were 80% and 40%, respectively. Two L. monocytogenes isolates from normal raw milk and feces of dairy cows didn’t harbor both inlA and inlB genes. Listeria spp. isolated from normal milk, feces, mastitis milk and stool of pregnant women, potentially can cause human illness and abortion in pregnant women. Internalin (A&B) genes are considered the best indicator for virulence determination of L. monocytogenes isolated from different sources.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_50987_b0458bbbd7e1e7108f1ffae19ade5b1a.pdf
Listeria monocytogenes
16s rRNA gene
Internalin A&B
Milk
Pregnant women
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
259
266
10.21608/zvjz.2019.12922.1043
50988
Original Article
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Raw and Processed Meat with Virulence Genes Detection in Aswan Governorate
Mohamed Karmi
karmy99@yahoo.com
1
Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, 81528 Aswan, Egypt
Meat and its products are a common source for the most virulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 for consumers. Hence, this study aimed to detect the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in raw and processed meat and to determine serotypes and some virulence genes of the recovered isolates. A total of 200 samples of raw and processed meat and meat products including minced meat, burger, sausage, kofta, cooked burger, cooked sausage, cooked kofta, cooked luncheon and cooked shawerma (20 of each) were obtained from different shops in Aswan Governorate during 2017. The samples were examined bacteriologically for E. coli O157:H7which were characterized serologically and genetically for the confirmation and detection of some virulence genes including stx1, stx2, hlyA and eaeA. Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 versus other E. coli serotypes were 14.3% Vs 85.7%. The overall percentage of non-O157:H7 E. coli to E. coli O157:H7 in raw meat were 27% to 4% while in processed meat were 8% Vs 1%, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157:H7 E. coli were more detected in raw meat than processed ones. Raw meat and meat products still threaten human health via harboring pathogenic and zoonotic E. coli, in turn; hygienic and good manufacturing practices should be enforced in meat factories and markets.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_50988_dbb3e41ea0b93229e3d4990de0825920.pdf
E. coli O157:H7
Raw meat
meat products
Virulence genes
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
267
276
10.21608/zvjz.2019.13161.1044
50990
Original Article
Occurrence and Characterization of Listeria Species Isolated from Processed Meat in Qena, Egypt
Hala Mahmoud
halamohsen90@yahoo.com
1
Mohamed Karmi
karmy99@yahoo.com
2
Mohamed Maky
mohamedmaky73@gmail.com
3
Veterinarian, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83522, Qena, Egypt
Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, 81528, Aswan, Egypt
Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83522, Qena, Egypt
The aims of this work were isolation, elucidation the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Listeria spp from meat products distributed in Qena Governorate, Egypt during years 2017 -2018. A total of 120 samples of raw meat products were collected from different retail outlets in Qena Governorate, Egypt and examined for the contamination with Listeria spp. The examined meat products were minced meat, kofta, sausage, burger, luncheon and pasterma and the prevalence of listeria monocytogenes was 15%, 20%, 10%, 15%, 10%, 5%, respectively. Moreover, other Listeria species were isolated and identified in a total percentage from the above mentioned meat products; Listeria ivanovii (10.8%), L. welshimeri (6.6%), L. innocua (10.8%), L. seeligeri (4.1%) and L. grayi (1.6%). Antibiogram assay detected multi-dug resistances among L. monocytogenes. All the isolates were resistant to neomycin and streptomycin, meanwhile, most of the isolates showed sensitivity against ampicillin. Furthermore, L. monocytogenes was molecularly characterized by multiplex PCR for detection of iap < /em>, hylA and actA virulence genes. The iap gene was detected in all L. monocytogenes. It could be concluded that processed meat products purchased in Qena Governorate harbored L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species. This in turn constitute a risk of transmission of infection to human consumer with the antibiotic resistant listeria spp. That gives rise to failure of treatment programs. High contamination level of meat substantiates enforcing Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) program during processing, handling and storage of meat products.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_50990_43d9921ad991e5529cb828641e9bf351.pdf
Listeria monocytogenes
meat products
antimicrobial resistances
Virulence
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
277
287
10.21608/zvjz.2019.13192.1045
50994
Original Article
Clinicopathological Studies on the Ameliorative Effects of Selenium and Vitamin E against Cadmium Toxicity in Chickens
Mohamed Hashem
mohamedah@yahoo.com
1
Ibtisam Gamal El-Dein
ibtisammgeldein@yahoo.com
2
Shimaa Eltahawy
drshimaa.eltahawy@yahoo.com
3
Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig
Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most dangerous environmental bioaccumulative heavy metals that concern a vital interest due to its injurious to animal and public health. An experimental trial was conducted for six weeks to evaluate the protective effect of selenium and /or vitamin E against the adverse effect of cadmium. One hundred and five, one day old broiler chicks were divided into five random groups. Group1 (negative control) was fed on basal diet; Group 2 was supplemented with 100 mg of cadmium /kg diet; Group 3 was supplied with 0.5 mg/kg diet of selenium; Group 4 was fed on 100 mg/kg diet of vitamin E and Group 5 was supplemented with Cd, Se and vitamin E combinations. The results revealed that cadmium group showed a highly significant increase in serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) (36±1.1and 220±3.53, respectively) activities, serum uric acid and creatinine (25.68±1.01 and 4.38±0.15, respectively) and a significant decrease in serum total proteins, albumin and globulins values (2.34±0.09, 1.14±0.05 and1.20±0.05, respectively) particularly at the end of the sixth week in comparable to the control group. In addition, a significant increase in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) (3.9±0.09 and 51.33±0.88, respectively), a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) values (0.05±0.005) associated with a significant reduction in interleukin 2 (IL2) and interleukin 10 (IL10) (1.8±0.30 and 7.4±0.43, respectively) values were reported specially at the end of the sixth week compared with the control group. Overall, our results showed an improvement in groups supplied with either Se or vitamin E when compared with cadmium group. In conclusion, supplementation of selenium or vitamin E alone didn’t recover the depressive effect of Cd but their combination could improve its deleterious effect due to their antioxidant activity.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_50994_006e374ec54c7c3dad30755317a11d2d.pdf
cadmium
selenium
Vitamin E
antioxidant
Oxidative Stress
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
288
297
10.21608/zvjz.2019.13680.1047
50999
Original Article
Effect of Lettuce, Marjoram and Cumin Essential Oils on the Quality and Shelf Life of Minced Meat during Refrigerated Storage
Abdallah Mahmoud
abdallah.fikry90@gmail.com
1
Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511-Zagazig, Egypt
Essential oils (EOs) can improve the shelf life of foods due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in addition to being natural flavoring agents. Nonetheless, very little EOs approaches depending on EOs utilization have been introduced by the food industry until now. In this study, the effect of certain EOs such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) at a concentration (2%) on the chemical, bacterial quality and sensory properties of minced meat was investigated, as well as their capacity to extend the shelf life of minced meat during cold storage at 4°C for 12 days. The obtained results showed that oil-treated samples indicated significantly lowering values (p < 0.05) for chemical, bacterial assessment, and improving sensory properties than untreated (control) ones. In addition, cumin and marjoram EOs had the greatest impact followed by lettuce oil. Therefore, the studied EOs could be used as an alternative option to synthetic chemical substances to eliminate the spoilage bacteria, prevent lipid oxidation, and consequently extend the shelf life of minced meat.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_50999_4d05e0da1c9778b72b10ef4ddffc5e4e.pdf
cumin oil
Lettuce oil
Marjoram oil
Minced meat quality
shelf life
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
298
305
10.21608/zvjz.2019.13635.1048
51009
Original Article
Residues of Diclofenac Sodium in Rabbit Tissues
Gamal Shams
profdrgamalshams@yahoo.com
1
nagah mohamed
drnagahedrees@yahoo.com
2
elham mobarez
elham_pharmacology@yahoo.com
3
sara abd el wahab
saraabdalla8711@gmail.com
4
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Egypt
The current study aimed to determine residues of diclofenac in different rabbit tissues (liver, muscles, kidneys, spleen, heart , lungs) and serum following intramuscular injection of diclofenac. Tissues were extracted and diclofenac residues were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of twenty healthy male New Zealand White rabbits were classified into two groups; the first group (n=15) was injected with diclofenac for four successive days at dose 1.5mg/kg twice daily , while the second group (n=5) untreated (control). and then samples were collected on the 1st day , 3rd day, 5thday and 7th day. Diclofenac remained within the detectable limit till the 3rd day in most tested tissues, while in muscle and kidney remained till the 5th day following the last dose of drug administration . Therefore, It can be concluded that rabbit muscles and kidney could be consumed safely after the 5th day post treatment with that dose, while, rabbit liver could be consumed safely after the 3rd day post treatment with that dose without any hazards on consumers according to established recommended MRL.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_51009_c76d7860f79d0dcdab1e7f739676a62b.pdf
residues
Diclofenac
Rabbits
HPLC
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
306
316
10.21608/zvjz.2019.13886.1050
51016
Original Article
Protective Effect of Angelica sinensis Extract and Origanum majorana Oil on Hepatic and Renal Toxicities Induced by Nickel Chloride in Male Albino Rats
Mohamed Hashem
mhashem.vet@gmail.com
1
Hager Ismail
hager_vet@hotmail.com
2
Enas Hassan
enashassan_vet@hotmail.com
3
Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Production Section of Agricultural Research Station, Zagazig, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
The present study was accomplished to evaluate the efficacy of Angelica sinensis root extract and Origanum majorana oil on subchronic toxicity of nickel chloride (NiCl2) in albino rats by studying the changes in the biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status related to the liver and kidneys. This study was carried out on sixty male albino rats with average body weight (120 ± 10 g), which were divided into 6 equal groups. Gp.(1): were kept as control on distilled water, rats in Gp. (2) received NiCl2 (0.75 mg/kg BW), Gp. (3) received A. sinensis root extract (300 mg/kg BW) and Gp. (4) received O. majorana oil (0.5 ml/kg BW). NiCl2 intoxicated rats in Gp. (5) and Gp. (6) were administered A. sinensis root extract and O. majorana oil at the same former doses, respectively. The treatments were daily and orally for 4 weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected for performing the different experimental analysis after 4 weeks from starting the treatments. Comparing with the control group, results showed that NiCl2 significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities and serum bilirubin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea and creatinine concentrations, besides hepatic and renal malondialdehyde concentration, while serum total proteins, albumin and hepatic and renal glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were significantly decreased. A. sinensis root extract and O. majorana oil has no adverse effects and worked on amelioration the various alterations in estimated analytes in combined treated groups. In conclusion, NiCl2 caused hepatic and renal injuries besides the induction of lipid peroxidation and reducing the antioxidant enzymes activities in these organs. Moreover, both of A. sinensis root extract and O. majorana oil provided significant protection against harmful effects of NiCl2 with superiorty of A. sinensis root extract
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_51016_870536968a1521bb2d11ac1e9a27f989.pdf
Angelica sinensis
antioxidants
Nickel chloride
Origanum majorana
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
317
329
10.21608/zvjz.2019.15419.1064
51018
Original Article
Suppurative Injection Site lesion In Cattle: Clinico-biochemical, Ultrasonographic and histopathological examinations
Noura Attia
noura_abobaker@yahoo.com
1
Eslam Eisa
efessa785@gmail.com
2
Shimaa Ezzeldein
shimaa.ezzeldein@yahoo.com
3
Mustafa Abd El Raouf
dr_mustafa13@yahoo.com
4
Yasmin Bayoumi
yasmin.dream@yahoo.com
5
Abdel Karem Morsi
vet.plaza@yahoo.com
6
Nora Elseddawy
noura.elseddawy@yahoo.com
7
Animal Medicine Department (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Animal Medicine Department (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Animal Medicine Department (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
This study was carried out on a total of 40 animals (13 female cows, 14 cow bull and 13 cow calves of both sexes) with an age ranged from 1- 5 years. Animals were admitted to Zagazig Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt with a history of injection site lesions. A history of injection at the site lesion was noted with swelling ranging from 5 to 15 cm in diameter, others were showing fluctuating swelling. Various clinical signs as abnormality in gait, painful condition on thigh, gluteal and neck muscle were recorded with respect to the site of lesion. Diagnosis was based on history, Clinico-biochemical findings, needle aspiration, ultrasound and histopathology of biopsy samples. Upon diagnosis, animals were classified into three groups; group I (Control group, n= 10), group II (Muscular abscess group, n= 17), and group III (Suppurative myositis group n= 13). Hematological findings revealed mild anemia, leucocytosis and neutrophilia in muscular abscess and suppurative myositis groups, while biochemical findings included hyperglobulinemia, elevation of serum muscular enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as a significant increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen in both diseased groups in comparison to control group. Results of ultrasonographic examination in muscular abscesses group revealed homogenous echogenic content surrounded with hyperechoic capsule which is embedded in the muscle and an increase in the echogenicty of the muscle in suppurative myositis group. Histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen from the affected muscle revealed fibrinopurunlent inflammation with aggregation of dead and live neutrophils, hyaline degeneration of muscle and muscle edema. In conclusion, ultrasonography provides an accurate, non-invasive and fast technique for diagnosis injection site lesions. In addition CRP and fibrinogen values in association with total white cell count were very useful in the diagnosis and prognosis.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_51018_94efdc60668e278c62c2d119df7d1a36.pdf
Myositis
muscle
abscess
Enzymes
CRP
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2019-09-01
47
3
330
339
10.21608/zvjz.2019.16318.1075
51700
Original Article
Phylogenetic Analysis of Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Currently Circulating in the Egyptian Field
Ibrahim Ghanem
ibrahimghanem2025@gmail.com
1
Naglaa Awad
nf2731982@gmail.com
2
Ashraf Hussein
ashrafhamed1@yahoo.com
3
Ahmed Lelwa
dr_ahmed9112019@yahoo.com
4
Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Sharkia - General Organization for Veterinary Services, Egypt
One of the major problems of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the frequent emergence of new variants in the Egyptian field. In the present study, 42 broiler chicken flocks suffered from respiratory troubles were investigated for infectious bronchitis virus in 10 Governorates in Egypt during 2016-2018. Ten out of 42 examined flocks revealed variable degrees of embryo lesions after 3-5 passages with negative heamagglutination (HA) activity. From these 10 flocks, IBV was confirmed in six flocks using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Four IBV-positive isolates were selected for further sequence analysis. Partial sequencing of S1 gene revealed four IBV variant-2 isolates circulating among chickens in Egypt. These isolates are IB-Beh-Ch-F2-2016, IB-Sh-Ch-F25-2017, IB-Sh-Ch-F41-2018 and IB-Sh-Ch-F42-2018 and submitted on Gen Bank with accession numbers MH460643, MH460644, MK408615 and MK408616, respectively. The IB-Sh-Ch-F25-2017 isolate had only one amino acid substitution while IB-Beh-Ch-F2-2016, IB-Sh-Ch-F41-2018 and IB-Sh-Ch-F42-2018 isolates had much higher genetic diversity. The similarity between classic viruses of vaccine origin used in Egypt (H120, Ma5) and our four filed isolates ranged between 75.7 and 80.4%. It could be concluded that IB variant-2 strains still circulate in the Egyptian field in spite of vaccination. Therefore we need to revise the IBV vaccines used in Egypt and try to prepare local vaccines with periodic evaluation of cross protection of such vaccines.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_51700_91684fe66fc73b317e95bd2895f9d435.pdf
IBV- Variant 2
RT-PCR
Broilers
Genetic diversity
Egypt