eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
187
195
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7871
7871
Original Article
Seroprevalence of Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Trypanosomiasis, with special Reference to Gene Sequencing of Trypanosoma evansi in Sharkia Governorate
Farouk Elbalkemy
1
Afaf Menazi
2
Adballah Selim
3
Ahmed Wahba
4
Yousry El-Shazly
yousryabdelfatah229@gmail.com
5
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
The Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
A total of 330 camels (Camelus dromedarius) of both sexes and with different ages, at different localities in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, were examined clinically from April 2013 to March 2015. Some adult camels showed emaciation, edema of legs and abdomen which were suspected to be infected by Trypanosoma species. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of trypanosomiasis using indirect ELISA test and the results showed that 174 (52.7%) were infected. The infection rate was higher in males (54.8%) than females (42.2%), also, in camels more than 2-years old and in summer and spring seasons. Thirty blood samples from the examined animals by ELISA test (15 positive and 15 negative) were subjected to PCR. The results revealed that 18 samples were positive for T. evansi by PCR. Two positive samples for RoTat1.2 VSG encoding gene were chosen for DNA sequence analysis, one of them was obtained from newly imported camel in a camel farm at Belbais city and the other one belonged to a camel from one of Belbais villages at Sharkia Governorate. Nucleotide sequence alignment of RoTat1.2 VSG gene variants from Egyptian T. evansi showed some heterogeneity with other T. evansi isolates from Egypt. In conclusion, PCR technique is more sensitive and specific than ELISA for the diagnosis of T. evansi infection in camels.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7871_4c387774cb2fe9244b58c60444423c75.pdf
camels
Trypanosoma evansi
seroprevalence
ELISA
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
196
204
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7872
7872
Original Article
Effect of Insecticide "Chlorpyrifos" on Immune Response of Oreochromis niloticus
Zeinab El-Bouhy
1
Gamal El- Nobi
2
Rasha Reda
rashareda55@yahoo.com
3
Rowida Ibrahim
4
Fish Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Fish Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Assistant professor of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
Fish Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
This study was carried out to determine the level of Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus insecticide, in water of Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms and investigate the sub lethal concentration of this pesticide on immune response of Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). Water samples were collected from Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms and analyzed using Gas chromatograph (GC) for detection of Chlorpyrifos level. Two hundred and ninety O. niloticus with average body weight (35±0.5 g) were collected from Abbassa fish hatchery, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred and seventy of these fish were used for the determination of acute toxicity of Chlorpyrifos, while, another 120 fish were used for the determination of the effect of different sub lethal concentrations of Chlorpyrifos (1/8, 1/20 and 1/43 of 96 h LC50) on the immune response of O. niloticus. It was found that; the levels of Chlorpyrifos in Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms were 0.008 and 0.0016 mg/L, respectively. The LC50 value of Chlorpyrifos was 0.07mg/L. Sub-lethal concentration of Chlorpyrifos altered the non-specific immunological parameters (namely, total globulin, immunoglobulin M (IgM), lysozyme, nitric oxide, phagocytic activity) and interlukin-1β (IL-1β) of O. niloticus. It could be concluded that water of Abbassa and Sahl El-Hussinia fish farms have had detectable residue levels of CPF, which was altered the immunological status of O. niloticus.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7872_8007b2ad4f479c4afb684087557e5f84.pdf
chlorpyrifos
Oreochromis niloticus
residues
Abbassa
Sahl El-Hussinia
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
205
213
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7874
7874
Original Article
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis in a Cattle Farm at Sharkia Governorate with Special Reference to its Effect on T lymphocytes
Iman Bastawecy
1
Nasser Abouzeid
dr_amin_1000@yahoo.com
2
Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
This study was applied on a cattle farm of Holstein cows at Sharkia Governorate for the isolation and identification of Bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BoHV-1) and to examine its effect on T lymphocytes. The results of clinical examination revealed that there were respiratory disorders in 30 out of 150 (20%) of cattle including elevated body temperature (40 to 42°C), nasal and ocular discharges, some animals developed severe rhinitis, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, cough and diarrhea. Out of 30 nasal swabs, 15 swabs were positive for virus isolation as indicated by cytopothic effect (CPE) on MDBK cells. Only 11 of the 15 isolates were confirmed by virus neutralization test (VNT) as BoHV-1 isolates. In addition, only 3 out of 4 BoHV-1 isolates were detected by PCR. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBTL) were analyzed using electron microscopy and comet assay to examine the effect of BoHV-1 on lymphocytes. Electron micrographs of T lymphocytes revealed peripheral condensation of chromatin and fragmentation of the nucleus end of the cell leading to the formation of apoptoic bodies. Comet assay denoted fragmentation of cellular DNA. It could be concluded that BoHV-1 can infect T lymphocytes of cattle, causing directly and indirectly apoptosis which subsequently lead to suppression of cellmediated immunity, enhancing establishment of latency and increasing the probability for secondary bacterial infection.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7874_7098861cbd00de462223da844baac491.pdf
BoHV-1
cattle
PCR
EM and Comet assay
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
214
223
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7875
7875
Original Article
Effect of Phytobiotics, Probiotics and Toltrazuril on Chicken Coccidiosis
Mona Elkhouly
onny_vet2003@yahoo.com
1
Mohamed Khairy
m.khairy1985@yahoo.com
2
Abd- El Alim Abd- El Alim
3
Ali Ali
4
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Biochemistry, Toxicology and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Benha-Branch. Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of phytobiotics (Orego-stim®) and their combinations with probiotics and chemical anticoccidial toltrazuril in prevention of coccidiosis in broilers and also to examine these effects on growth performance, some blood biochemical parameters and immunity indices in broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty, one-day old Cobb chicks were used. They were divided into eight equal groups of 30 birds each. The 1st group was non-infested non-treated group. The other groups were inoculated intra-crop with 1x105 sporulated oocysts of field strain of Eimeria spp. on the 8th day of age. The 2nd group was infested non-treated group. The 3rd group was treated with phytobiotics (300 mg/Liter drinking water). The 4th group was treated with probiotic (1 g/ liter drinking water). The 5th group was treated with toltrazuril 2.5 % (7 mg/kg BW. in drinking water). The 6th group treated with phytobiotics plus probiotic. The 7th group treated with phytobiotics plus toltrazuril 2.5 % while, the last group was treated with probiotic beside toltrazuril 2.5 %. Birds received phytobiotics showed better anticoccidial effect, an increase of growth performance parameters (body weight, body weight gain and feed consumption) and decrease of feed conversion ratio. Moreover, an improvement in immunity indices with variable effects on some blood biochemical parameters were resulted. Phytobiotics can be considered a promising high effective anticoccidial, growth promoting and immunomodulating agents.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7875_54614701e340b31778f1ea25f6db9741.pdf
Phytobiotics
coccidiosis
performance
Broilers
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
224
233
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7876
7876
Original Article
Bloody Milk in Buffalo Cows: Diagnosis and Trials for Treatment
ELsayed Nour
1
Mohamed Taha
mtahalah@yahoo.com
2
Mohamed Abdou
draboamal@yahoo.com
3
Mohamed Abdelfattah
4
Elsayed Mohamed
5
Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Provincial Lab
Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Provincial Lab
Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Provincial Lab
Food hygiene Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Provincial Lab
Food hygiene Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Provincial Lab
The present study was conducted on 80 composite milk samples collected from dairy buffaloes secreting bloody milk from all four quarters without any inflammatory signs on mammary gland, systemic reaction or decrease in milk yield at Sharkia Governorate. Somatic cell count (SCC) revealed that 46 samples (57.5%) have SCC range between 200,000 to 250,000 cell/mL, while, 34 samples (42.5%) have SCC below 200,000 cell/mL. California mastitis test (CMT) was negative for 65 out of 80 (81.3%) and positive in 15 out of 80 (18.7%). Bacteriological examination revealed that 56 out of 80 samples (70%) were bacteriologically positive and 24 (30%) were bacteriologically negative. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus were identified in 14 out of 56 (25%), however, 42 samples out of 56 (75%) were contaminated with coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS), 20 of them had SCC less than 200,000 X 103 . All Coagulase positive S. aureus were isolated from milk of SCC between 200 X 103 to 250 X 103 cell/mL. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that Gentamycin, Amoxycillin + Clavuylinic acid and Enrofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics on both S. aureus and CNS. Group 1, 2 and 3 (bacteriologically positive cases) were treated with Gentamycin, Amoxicillin + Clavulenic or Enrofloxacin in addition to coagulant (Amri-K) showed cure rate of 80%, 80% and 60%, respectively. Group 4 that contained animals with negative bacteriological culture were treated by coagulant (Amri-K) only, showed cure rate of 60%. However, the return rate of the disease was 0, 20, 40 and 40%, respectively. Biochemical and hematological parameters showed nonsignificant differences between bloody milk and healthy control dairy buffaloes. This study concluded that either coagulase positive or coagulase negative S. aureus is incriminated with the bloody milk syndrome in dairy buffaloes in Egypt, however, Gentamycin in addition to coagulant (Amri-k) is the best treatment.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7876_90a81fdb84fbb54943025dd0ed351312.pdf
Bloody Milk
Buffalo cows
SCC
S. aureus
Amri-K
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
234
243
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7877
7877
Original Article
Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Sunflower Meal on Performance, Carcass Traits, Litter Moisture and Economic Efficiency of Broiler Chickens
Ghadeer Attia
drghadeer3e@yahoo.com
1
Elsayed Hassanein
2
Wafaa El-Eraky
3
Mahmoud El-Gamal
4
Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
An experiment was designed to investigate the influence of different levels of dietary inclusion of sunflower meal on broiler’s productive performance, serum lipid profile, carcass traits, litter moisture and economic efficiency. One hundred and twenty, day-old Cobb broiler chicks were assigned randomly into 5 equal groups, each contained 24 chicks in three replicate pens (8 chicks/pen). Group 1 was fed on basal diet without sunflower meal and kept as a control group, while groups from 2 to 5 were fed on diets contained 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% sunflower meal, respectively. Birds individual weights and pen feed consumed were determined for each feeding period for determining the average body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At the trial end, a total of six birds from each group were picked randomly, slaughtered and the visceral organs (liver, gizzard, heart and spleen) plus fat pad were separately weighed for calculating the dressing percentage and the percentage of internal organs relative to carcass weight. Furthermore, litter moisture percentage and economic efficiency were calculated at the trial end. The averages of BW, ADG, ADFI and FCR were not significantly differed among groups. No differences (P>0.05) were observed in the serum lipid parameters and carcass traits among experimental groups. However, the spleen percentage was significantly higher in broilers group that fed on 10% sunflower meal in comparison to those fed on 2.5, 5 and 7.5 sunflower meal, while the litter moisture percentage was not significantly affected. The best economic efficiency was reported in broilers group fed on 10% sunflower meal but the difference did not reach the significance level. It is concluded that levels up to 10% of sunflower meal can be successfully incorporated in broiler chicken diets.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7877_bdac35d6490d34bf239db561e5e93db3.pdf
Sunflower meal
performance
Lipid
carcass
Litter
Broilers
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
244
250
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7878
7878
Original Article
Ameliorative Effect of Moringa oleifera Extract on Male Fertility in Paroxetine Treated Rats
Sawsan El-Sheikh
1
Mohammed Khairy
2
Hosny Abdel Fadil
dr.hibrahim951@yahoo.com
3
Azza Abo-Elmaaty
azza8885@yahoo.com
4
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
Paroxetine is one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for treating major depressive disorders but it has many side effects. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate the possible protective effect of Moringa oleifera extract on the fertility of male rats treated with paroxetine. A total of forty adult male albino rats were equally allocated into four groups, each of 10 rats: Rats received 0.5 mL distilled water, 400 mg/kg BW of moringa hydroalcoholic extract, 10 mg/ kg BW of paroxetine, for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. While, rats of group 4 received moringa hydroalcoholic extract and paroxetine simultaneously at the same previously mentioned doses. All treatments were administered orally once daily for 60 successive days. Paroxetine treated group showed a significant decrease in the serum levels of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, estrogen and testicular catalase, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), sperm count and sperm motility. Moreover, paroxetine evoked a significant increase in sperm abnormalities, testicular DNA fragments and testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared with the control group. However, the concurrent administration of moringa extract with paroxetine was ameliorating the aforementioned alterations compared with paroxetine treated group. It could be concluded that, Moringa oleifera extract alleviated reprotoxicity induced by paroxetine in male rats.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7878_b8f918cc717ae1d041f90466f2033999.pdf
Moringa oleifera
male fertility
Paroxetine
Oxidative Stress
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
248
259
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7879
7879
Original Article
Pathological Studies on Infectious Bronchitis Disease in Chickens
Moustafa Abou El-Fetouh
1
Mohamed Mohamed
bishet68@yahoo.de
2
Nahla Refat
3
Mohamed Ahmed
hamza_vet@yahoo.com
4
Abd Elfattah El-Zanaty
abdelfattahelzanaty@gmail.com
5
Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Poultry Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Poultry Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Infectious bronchitis virus has been recognized as highly contagious disease in chickens. In this study, 138 birds from 10 broiler chicken flocks that suffered from respiratory disease were examined to study the pathological lesions associated with IBV infection in naturally infected flocks. Moreover, the infection was confirmed via virus isolation and PCR. Samples were harvested from both Sharkia and Gharbia provinces during one year (October 2014-2015). The clinical examination of the investigated birds showed nasal discharges, gasping and rales. Congested trachea with lumen contained mucus and caseated material at the biforcation of the two main bronchi were characteristic in most of the necropsied birds. The kidneys were enlarged and dark red or pale with the presence of whitish precipitate in the ureters. Four isolates recovered from four different broilers chicken’s flocks were further analyzed by S1 glycoprotein gene sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acids sequences of the four strains revealed that they were closely related to the IBV Egyptian variant 2 and IS/1494/2006 strains. The histopathological examination of the kidneys showed focal aggregation of lymphocytes in the renal cortex and the medulla. The liver showed multiple focal areas of necrosis which replaced by lymphocyte and heterophils aggregation. The spleen showed thickened capsule with subcapsular hemorrhage and mild to severe focal depletion of lymphocytes. Trachea, lungs, proventriculus, intestine and bursa showed hyperplasia and degenerative changes in their epithelium. Blood vessels showed endotheliosis with perivascular edema and leukocyte infiltration in various organs. Edema was also seen in heart, trachea and lungs. Finally, it could be concluded that infectious bronchitis virus is a major cause and strongly implicated in respiratory and/or renal problems of the Egyptian broiler chicken flocks. Moreover, Egyptian variant 2 still evolving and causing severe damage to renal tissue and various organs.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7879_8e3479f51a3cac82b4e7db3d174e706e.pdf
Infectious bronchitis virus
Variant
broiler
RT-PCR
Pathology
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
263
272
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7880
7880
Original Article
Effect of Heat Treatments on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Formation in Meat
Elsaid Eldaly
1
Abd-Elsalam Hafez
2
Wageh Darwish
3
Rania Abd El-Hamid
4
Doaa Elmalt
funny111dodo@yahoo.com
5
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center. Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
A total of 80 samples of both beef and mutton (40, each), which were either raw or cooked by different cooking methods such as pan-frying, charcoal-grilling and charcoal-grilling with aluminum foils covers (n=10 for each of beef and mutton) besides 10 samples from raw meat of each type. The samples were collected from different restaurants at Zagazig City, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The samples were prepared for detection of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo [a] anthracene, chrysene, benzo [b] fluoranthrene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, benzo [a] pyrene, Indeno [1,2,3c-d] pyrene, Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene and Benzo [g,h,i] perylene). The recorded results showed that the total PAHs for raw, fried, charcoal grilled and foil grilled beef samples were 0.247, 1.152, 6.833 and 1.265 μg/kg respectively. Meanwhile, PAHs residual concentrations in mutton samples were 1.09, 4.606, 26.819 and 6.279 μg/kg in raw, pan-fried, charcoal-grilled and foil-grilled mutton samples respectively. We found also when meat wrapped in aluminum foil during grilling, it leads to a decrease in the total PAHs in the meat samples
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7880_dffaaec626e2bc2880d8c2f442a90a22.pdf
PAHs
Pan-frying
Charcoal-grilling
Foil-grilled
Aluminum foil
eng
Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig Veterinary Journal
1110-1458
2357-075X
2016-12-01
44
3
273
281
10.21608/zvjz.2016.7881
7881
Original Article
Evaluation of Some Immunostimulants on the Immune-response of Broiler Chickens Against Avian Influenza and Newcastle Diseases Vaccination
Mohamed Abdel-Hafez
1
Moemen Mohamed
moemenmohamed@aun.edu.eg
2
Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley, Assiut University, NewValley, Egypt
Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Immunostimulants get an increasing importance to enhance the immune system and allowing maximum performance in poultry production. The effects of using different immunostimulants on the immune response of broiler chickens to Newcastle disease (ND) and Avian influenza (AI) vaccination were investigated in this study. 100 day-old Ross broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups, 25 birds for each group. Group A was not treated with any immunostimulants and used as a control, while groups B, C and D were supplemented with Imutrix® (oregano oils plus β-glucan), Evit liquid® (Vitamin E plus selenium) and inmunair®17.5 (Propionibacterium acnes and E. coli lipopolysaccharides), respectively. Statistical analysis results demonstrated significant divergence (P < 0.05) in body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio among the applicable treatments. Birds of group B had the heaviest body weight (2.03 kg), followed by group C (1.87 Kg) and D (1.82 Kg) in comparison to the birds of group A (control, 1.79 Kg). Bursa of Fabricius weight showed non-significant differences among groups except in group B that showed an increase in the Bursa of Fabricius weight more than other groups especially the control group (1.15 g more). Comparable immune response was recorded for both AI and ND vaccination. The highest mean antibody titers were recorded for birds in group B at 14, 28 and 35 days old, while those in group D had the lowest antibody titre values. Thus, supplementing immunostimulants especially Imutrix® and Evit liquid® had a significant positive effect on performance characteristics and immune response against AI and ND vaccination in broiler chickens in contrast to non-treated group, which had low levels of immune response, rapid decreasing and no persistence for keeping high HI titer for long time.
https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7881_42f220a5bc1b444949df406494d8ced9.pdf
immunostimulants
Immune Response
Broiler chickens
Avian influenza
Newcastle
Vaccination