@article { author = {El-Mahallawy, Heba and Elhariri, Mahmoud and Elhelw, Rehab and Hamza, Dalia}, title = {Zoonotic Importance of Some Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Small Ruminants' Milk and Hands of Dairy Workers}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {305-313}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7861}, abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli are among zoonotic bacterial food-borne pathogens causing illness ranged from diarrhoea to fatal conditions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of Staph. aureus and E. coli in small ruminants' raw milk and hands of dairy workers at small-scale production units, Giza, Egypt. A total of 420 raw milk samples were obtained from apparently healthy sheep and goats, also, hand swabs (n=46) from workers at the units under investigation were examined. Overall, Staph. aureus (13.1%, 55/420) and E. coli (26.2%, 110/420) isolates were obtained from raw milk of sheep and goats. However, only Staph. aureus (15.2%, 7/46) was recovered from hand swabs of dairy workers. Using PCR, all the tested Staph. aureus isolates from milk and hand swabs yielded specific bands of Thermonuclease (nuc) gene at 279 bp, however, amplification of virulence (eae) gene encoding the intimin protein of E. coli produced an amplicon of 917 bp in 45% of the tested E. coli isolates. In conclusion, our findings provide an overview about Staph. aureus and E. colicontamination in raw milk of small ruminants locally bred by smallholders and suggest probably transmission of Staph. aureus from hands of dairy workers that contaminate the milk or udder of apparently healthy animals. Reporting of such organisms from milk indicates the need for strict hygienic measures during milking at these production units.  }, keywords = {Raw milk,Dairy workers,sheep,Goat,E. coli,Staph. aureus}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7861.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7861_481ee27a99b9bc32dfc47adc68e83717.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohi-Eldin, Mouchira and Allaam, Ahlam}, title = {Clinical and Pathological Assessment of Aloe Vera and Propolis for Wound Healing in Normal and Diabetic Albino Rats}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {314-325}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7862}, abstract = {The study was conducted to evaluate the role of topical application of either aloe vera gel extract or propolis ointment on wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic animals. Ninety adult female albino rats weighing (180±200 gm) were divided into 2 groups (A; non-diabetic) and (B; diabetic), each group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups. Group A contains subgroups 1, 2 and 3 but group B contains subgroups 4, 5 and 6.  Subgroups (1, 4) were experimentally punched for induction of skin wound and left untreated for 2 weeks. The wound in both subgroups (2, 5) were treated with Aloe vera extract topically daily. Subgroups (3, 6) skin wound was treated with 10% propolis ointment topically twice daily for 2 weeks. The rats were examined daily during the experiment for any abnormality or mortality rates. Blood samples were collected, besides skin wound specimen from all sacrificed rats on 3, 7, and 14 dpi for cellular immune response and histopathological examination, respectively. Both treated rats mainly (subgroup 2, 3 and 6) were responded to treatment with rapid healing which begin from 7 dpi compared to (subgroups 1, 5) which showed delayed healing. However, subgroup (4) was difficult to response to recovery until 14 dpi. It could be concluded that both propolis and Aloe vera accelerated the healing process in both diabetic and non-diabetic wounded animals.  }, keywords = {albino rats,Aloe vera,Alloxan Monohydrate,wound,Propolis}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7862.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7862_f583929cf65fcb038cf74cf54ea4ece0.pdf} } @article { author = {El Sayed, Rania and Ibrahim, Doaa and Said, Enas}, title = {Effect of Dietary Calorie and Protein Content on Performance, Behaviour, Expression of some Growth-Related Genes and Economic of Broiler Chickens}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {326-339}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7863}, abstract = {The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of variable dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein concentrations on the performance, behaviour, expression of growth related genes and economic impact of broiler chickens. A total of 250 Cobb broiler chicks were divided randomly into five groups of ten replicates (10 chicks/replicate). Five diets with five different combinations of calories and protein were formulated as the following; normal energy and normal protein (NENP), low energy and high protein (LEHP), high energy and low protein (HELP), normal energy and low protein (NELP), low energy and normal protein (LENP) during starter and finisher period. The results revealed that the highest body weight and body weight gain were observed in the HELP and NELP groups which were similar in improvement of feed utilization and protein efficiency ratio. The total feed intake was increased with decreased dietary energy as in NENP group. Nutrient digestibility was improved with increasing diet energy density as in HELP and NELP groups. The expression of IGF-1 and growth hormone genes were markedly higher in HELP and NELP groups, while the myogenin expression significantly increased in HELP, NELP and LEHP groups. Moreover, the final weight greatly correlated with the gene expression related to growth. Eating and drinking frequencies were highest in LENP and LEHP groups. Birds reared in HELP diet were more active, as expressed by greater walking, wing shaking, leg stretch, preening and flying. Briefly, our results suggested that the energy of diets greatly affected the broiler performance, behaviour and digestibility. Additionally, inclusion of low protein diet with addition of critical amino acids had a positive effect on economic efficiency of broilers. Thus, NELP and HELP diets are recommending for growth of Cobb broiler and could have a significant economic impact.  }, keywords = {Low protein diet,performance,digestibility,Gene expression,Broiler Chicken}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7863.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7863_b5d2ec6b156cfa730c8197391b03553d.pdf} } @article { author = {Helal, Amira and Arafa, Abdel Satar and Abdien, Hanan and Hamed, Dalia and El Dimerdash, Mohsen}, title = {Avian Influenza in Live Bird Markets in the Suez Canal region, Egypt}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {340-348}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7864}, abstract = {Avian influenza causes severe economic losses in poultry industry and endangers human life. This study aimed to detect avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live bird markets (LBMs) in the Suez Canal region. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy birds (152 chickens, 119 ducks, 44 geese and 60 turkeys) from live bird markets in Ismailia, Portsaid and Suez Governorates during the period from January to December 2014. Our results revealed that AIVs prevalence was 4.3% in the surveyed markets. The H9 low pathogenic (LPAI) positive birds (56.3%) were higher than H5 highly pathogenic (HPAI) infected cases (43.8%), while no H7 positive cases were detected. The positive cases in turkeys, chickens, geese, and ducks were 6.7%, 5.3%, 4.6%, and 1.7% respectively. Additionally, the highest frequencies were recorded in cold weather during the winter season 2.4%. Our investigation verified that live bird markets in the Suez Canal region continue to be high risk locations for AIVs due to the existence of various AIV subtypes (H5 and H9) in poultry species from different breeding sectors in Egypt. This mixing permits transmission of the disease from infected areas to non-infected ones. In addition, the coexistence of both H5 and H9 subtypes in the same poultry population may provide an opportunity for genetic reassortment and emergence of novel viruses. Consequently, birds in LBMs are incriminated in the continuous circulation of AIVs, therefore representing a main source of AI infection to commercial poultry and householders. Thus, control actions towards AIVs should include live bird markets as a critical threat source of the disease transmission.  }, keywords = {Avian influenza,Live Bird Markets,Suez Canal}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7864.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7864_d4ba5d968b2694cebe96a5f14712187c.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahmoud, Ekram and El-Sayed, Nermeen and El-Sadek, Ghada and Sayed, Hayam and Omar, Lamiaa and Abdel Baky, Mansour}, title = {Investigation of Cross Neutralization of Egyptian Variant 2 among both Classic and Variant Vaccinal Infectious Bronchitis Viruses}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {349-354}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7865}, abstract = {Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is considered an important virus which may cause major losses in the poultry industry. One of the most important and effective tool that control the infection spread is the vaccination strategy. The present study was undertaken to determine the antigenic relationship between the currently used IBVs, classic and variant vaccinal strains, and the dominating Egyptian variant-2, IBV which could be relatively reflecting the quality of such vaccine. The recommended doses of the monovalent live IBV vaccines of Ma5, H120, 4/91 & CR88, and bivalent vaccine of H120-D274 were administrated via the eye-drop route in groups of 2-week-old SPF-chickens. Three weeks after vaccination, immunized and control chickens were bled, and serum samples were collected. Sera were tested individually for measuring the IBV-Haemagglutination Inhibiting (HI) antibodies against each of IBV-haemagglutinating antigen prepared from the reference classic M41 strain and the Egyptian variant.2 strain (Egy/12/2b spike protein), and IBV- neutralizing antibodies against the Egyptian variant-2 strain. The chicken groups vaccinated with the commercial live vaccines of strains Ma5, H120, 4/91, CR88 and H120-D274 of IBV respectively developed mean serum HI-antibody titers of 6.8, 6.5, 4.9, 5.0 and 5.5 log2 with the reference classic strain M41-HA antigen, and 3.0, 3.0, 4.4, 4.0, and 4.6 log2 with the Egyptian variant.2 strain-HA antigen. However, the obtained results revealed utility of VN test more than HI test for assessment of the antigenic relatedness between the vaccinal and challenge strains of IBV as well as testing quality of different commercial live IBV vaccines using the sera of vaccinated chickens against the field strain(s) matched with the homologous strain(s); the  antigenic relatedness (r1 ) between the dominating Egyptian variant-2 strain, and the vaccinal strains, CR88, D274-H120 and H120 of IBV were 33%, 55% and 17% respectively.       }, keywords = {Infectious Bronchitis,Classic,Egyptian Variant 2,Cross Neutralization}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7865.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7865_16782f88e5e280f32fdfb714bf5653ea.pdf} } @article { author = {Dowidar, Mohammed and El-Belbasi, Hussein and Ayoub, Azza and Rashed, Lila and Elged, Dalia}, title = {Biochemical and Molecular Studies on Bone Marrow Derived Stromal Stem Cells on Liver Injuries in Rats}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {355-365}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7866}, abstract = {Liver is a remarkable vital organ, it is responsible for metabolizing the different food elements, filtering and detoxifying poisons in the blood to remove numerous toxic compounds. Liver affections are essentially caused by harmful chemicals (certain anti-infection, paracetamol, carbon tetrachloride, aflatoxins, per oxidized oil and so on.), overabundance utilization of liquor, immune system issue and disease. Up till now, orthotropic liver transplantation is the most powerful treatment of liver infections. Because of the deficiency of donors, high costs, the number of patients who can profit by this methodology is extremely constrained. Recently, cell based treatments have been explored as other option to entire liver transplantation. Thirty rats were separated into three equivalent groups (n=10, each). Group 1: control; Group 2: was infused peritoneally with acetaminophen (300 mg/kg); Group 3: was injected intra peritoneal with acetaminophen (300 mg/kg), then injected intra-venous with mesenchymal stromal stem cells (1 million BM-MSCs/kg). Blood samples for estimation of liver functions, and liver samples for detection of homing labeled MSCs with red fluorescent cell linker dye (PKH26), gene expression of matrix metalopeptidase (MMP2), tissue inhibitor metalopeptidase (TIMP) and histopathological examination were collected. The infusion of BM-MSCs enhanced liver capacities test, MMP2 and TIMP. Histopathological examination of liver tissue demonstrated critical antifibrotic impact, improvement in the hepatic structure as compared to the second group. It could be concluded that BM-MSC is effective in treatment of liver damage by upgrading hepatocyte recovery through enhancing the liver stress and inflammatory signaling by improving MMP2 and TIMP, besides it has a significant antifibrotic effect.  The MSCs stem cell is an attractive cell source for regenerative medicine.   }, keywords = {acetaminophen,Bone marrow,Liver Injury,Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cell}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7866.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7866_f226a1f0ca63e01f752ea49d05b5ef7d.pdf} } @article { author = {Gharib, Ahlam and Hamouda, Ahmed and bdel-Wahab, Ashraf A and Fawzy, Mohammed}, title = {Protective Efficacy of a Commercial Live Attenuated aroA mutant Vaccine Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Challenge in Broilers}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {366-375}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7867}, abstract = {Avian colibacillosis is an infectious disease of domestic poultry with economic importance.Among the tools available for the control avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), vaccines have received the most attention. In this research, comparative bacteriological examination between candidates of live aroA mutant E. coli vaccine and two virulent APEC strains (O78 and O125) was carried. Innate immunity (leukogram & Phagocytosis) as well specific cellular (CD4 & CD8) and humoral (agglutinins) immune response of vaccinated chickens were evaluated. Also the mortality rate, colibacillosis lesions and bacterial re-isolation were detected after challenge to stand upon their minimizing in vaccinated chickens. The comparative study demonstrated that the vaccinal and virulent strains were similar in respect of colony morphology, biochemical reactions, Congo red binding and motility but were differ in antimicrobial sensitivity pattern as well inability of vaccinal strain to grow on minimal agar medium. The immune correlate of aroA mutant E. coli vaccine protection is linked to cell mediated immunity not to circulating antibodies. Finally, it could concluded that spraying of aroA mutant vaccine provide virtually protective efficacy in broiler chickens against homologous APEC O78 challenge and had not a  significant values against heterologous strain, although it is safe as alternative to chemotherapeutics.  }, keywords = {chickens,Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,aroA mutant,vaccine}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7867.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7867_c77d70cd8d432726e5cce39cf4567e77.pdf} } @article { author = {Abd El-Hamid, Hatem and Ellakany, Hany and Elbestawy, Ahmed and Abd Elkader, Abd Elkader}, title = {Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Chickens in Upper Egypt}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {376-385}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7868}, abstract = {One-year surveillance of HPAI (H5N1) virus infection in different chicken flocks (141 flock) from different Governorates in Upper Egypt was carried out, during the period from January 2015 to January 2016.  The detection rate of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus was 21.3% (30/141) which was highest during the winter season compared with the other seasons. The investigated flocks suffered from respiratory and nervous signs and cyanosis of the comb and wattles was observed in some birds as well as subcutaneous hemorrhages in shanks. The thirty positive H5N1 samples were tested for the existence of other respiratory viruses. The results were as follows: single H5N1 virus infection was only detected in 5 flocks (16.6%). The mixed H5N1 with H9N2 in 2 flocks (6.6%); H5N1with NDV in 12 farms (40%); H5N1 with IBV in 7 farms (23.3%) while H5N1, H9N2 and NDV were detected together in 4 flocks (13.3 %). The sequence analysis of the HA gene from five selected H5N1 isolates revealed that these strains were clustered with Egyptian classical H5N1 viruses (sub-clade 2.2.1.2) of the Eurasian origin. It is concluded that, the five H5N1 subtype isolates of HPAI are clustered with classical H5N1 viruses to subclade 2.2.1.2 of Eurasian origin. Therefore, vaccination of the backyard chicken as well as chicken farms with suitable homologues vaccine to eliminate HPAI virus from Egypt is recommended.  }, keywords = {Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1,chickens,Upper Egypt}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7868.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7868_44a434e941eff4519aefc39f0396245a.pdf} } @article { author = {Dowidar, Mohamed and Abd El-Megid, Mohamed and EL-Werwary, Suzan}, title = {Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) and Azolla Pinnata on Waste Water Nile tilapia Fish}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {386-393}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7869}, abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) with Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) and Azolla Pinnata on Nile tilapia fish weight and the gene expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin as growth factor (IGF) of Nile tilapia collected from waste water.  A total of 250 Nile tilapia fish divided into 5 groups each of 50. The first group of apparently healthy fish collected from Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research El-Abbassa (clean water). The second group collected from waste water of Bahr El-Baqar zone. The third group collected from waste water of Bahr El-Baqar zone and fed on 0.5% (5g/kg diet) of each Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Piper nigrum for 45 days. The fourth group collected from waste water of Bahr El-Baqar zone in the presence of small amount of Azolla Pinnata (Aquatic fern) for 45 days (Azolla grows quickly without feeding on Turmeric and Piper nigrum), while the fifth group collected from waste water of Bahr El-Baqar zone and fed on Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Piper nigrum for 45 days in presence of Azolla Pinnata. The results cleared that the weight of fish in the first group showed an increase after 45 days but a slight decrease in weight were noticed in the second group in the first 15 days. There was an increase in fish weights in third and fourth groups and a marked increase in the fifth group after 45 days. Moreover, an increase in both GHR and IGF in groups fed on Turmeric and Piper nigrum for 45 days as well as in the presence of Azolla Pinnata.   }, keywords = {Turmeric,Curcuma longa,Piper nigrum,Azolla,waste water,Nile tilapia}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7869.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7869_10cfa04432ed373a36afd0c3da97c38b.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmad, Adel and Ammar, Ahmad and Bendary, Mahmoud and Abd El-Aziz, Norhan and Abd El-Hamid, Marwa and El-mowalid, Gamal}, title = {Phenogenotyping of Closely Related Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk and Meat Products}, journal = {Zagazig Veterinary Journal}, volume = {45}, number = {4}, pages = {394-403}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Zagazig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine}, issn = {1110-1458}, eissn = {2357-075X}, doi = {10.21608/zvjz.2017.7870}, abstract = {Differentiation of closely related methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from food chain is required for epidemiological and food safety studies. This study provided evidence for using coagulase (coa) gene sequence repeats as a powerful diagnostic tool for differentiation of closely MRSA isolated from different sources. Staphylococcal species were isolated from milk, meat, and meat-products. Staphylococcus aureus strains with identical antibiograms were differentiated using enterotoxin genotyping, coa gene polymorphism, the patterns of polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of coa and nucleotides sequencing of coa gene-PCR products. Nine CoPs and MRSA strains were closely related and could not be differentiated by antibiogram. Six strains of them were differentiated by enterotoxin genotyping and PCR-RFLP of coa gene and three strains were accurately differentiated by nucleotides sequencing of coa gene-PCR products. In conclusion, the above findings highlight the promising role of coa repeat region nucleotide sequences in differentiation of closely related MRSA in food chain that can help in their diagnosis and epidemiological studies.  }, keywords = {MRSA,Coa gene,coa polymorphism,PCR-RFLP}, url = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7870.html}, eprint = {https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_7870_31a44b95e35141c868d2cc8873ec858e.pdf} }